American graffit

Film review of American Graffiti American Graffiti shows the life in early 1960s and it's made by George Lucas in 1973. The movie shows a summer night which happened in a small town called Modesto in California and it describes the adventure night about the teenagers who were graduated from high school. There are four main characters in the film called Curt, John, Terry and Steven. It's describe a life at the end of the summer in a small town called Modesto in 1962. There was a evening about the four best friends and they were graduated from the high school.Curt and Steven decided to leave the town and moved to another places and Curt got the scholarship from the local school, but he had the another though about leaving. When Curt was in the car, he saw a beautiful girl with blonde hair and drive a T- Bird said † I love you† to him, he was so excited and wanted to find the girl while he tried to escape from the gang. Finally, he asked the Wolfman for help, the Wolfman rep ort what Curt wanted to say and the girl called him.Steven was the class president, he also wanted to leave the town but it means e needed to leave his girl friend called Laurie who was the head of cheerleader and Curt's sister, at that night, they tried to talk with each other to solve the problems. At the same time, Terry and John were cruise around the town in the evening, Terry got the car from Steven and he got the confident to try to give a deep impression on Debbie. John, who is seen as the best of the race with his yellow car, he drove the car with Carol who was a passenger by mistake.Bob Falfa wanted to have a race with John because he tough he was the fastest in the village, but he lose the race. The strengths of this film is it shows the culture in the early 1960s, people can knew what's the life about at that time and it shows the decision about their future of these four people. For example, Curt got the scholarship from the local high school, at first he did not want t o leave the town but steven persuaded him to leave the town to see the world how big was, Curt believed steven said and decided to leave. The weakness of this film is involved some violence and about the gang bully people.For example, he gang in the local village saw Curt while he was sitting at their car, they wanted to bully Curt and did some bad things with him. In the car park, they fght with Curt and John saw that to help Curt. Some of the people would imitation what they see on the TV or film, so it's not good for the teenagers. In conclusion, American Graffiti is a good film for us, the story is very funny and it can attracted more teenagers to watch it, let more people to know the culture of early American life and after watch the movie, people can make a good decision about their future. american graffit By cyiu

How Useful Is It as Evidence for an Historian Studying

To an historian studying the outbreak of the Kappa Putsch this Is a useful factor to take Into consideration; this source shows us the troubles of Germany, about the factors, which lead people to have an uprising. It is understandable when reading an extract that they had to act out, as they were feeling betrayed and angry at Germany. We can see that they the nation was feeling this way, as in the extract it is quoted that, â€Å"The Reich and the nation are in grave danger. † Moreover, â€Å"people are only dimly aware of the approaching disaster.Prices are rolling unchecked. Hardship Is growing. Starvation threatens. † I know that Because of the demonstrable of the armed forces, there were nearly 200 paramilitary units around Germany by 1919. In 1920, about 12,000 members of the Fireworks marched on Berlin and seized the main buildings of the capital virtually unopposed, where they installed a new government. The German army did not provide any resistance to this Puts ch. In spite of requests from Bert to put down the rebellious forces, the army was not prepared to become involved with either side.We can see that the people lost faith In the government as With terrible speed, we are approaching the complete collapse of the state and of law and order. â€Å"And† The present government is incapable of overcoming the danger. â€Å"This was the pushing mint which made the people get involved, they now know without their input Germany as they know it will only get worse. However, in this new government, strikes were banned but the people carried on as their beliefs and motives suppressed the at hand and the opportunity must be grasped.There is no other way but a government of action, the new government will ruthlessly suppress strikes and sabotage. † Moreover † striking is treason to the nation and the Fatherland. † back up these points I have made. It is useful to know that even though the prices were raising that â€Å"Eve ryone should go peacefully about his work. Everyone willing to work is assured of our firm protection â€Å"people stood up for what they believed in and strike regardless of this point.Overall, I believe this is a very useful source for a historian studying the outbreak of the Kappa Putsch of 1920, due to the use of literacy devices used it shows the way in which the German politicians presented their ideas and how they shared their opinions on this topic. (b) Using all the sources, and your own knowledge, assess to what extent the Kappa Putsch and other political uprisings represented the greatest threat to the Whimper Republic in the period 1919-1923. 5] Taking all of the sources into consideration, it is useful as we get a left wing response, a right wing response and an impartial response with the benefit of hindsight, therefore we can get a moderate opinion of the situation. From my own knowledge in the early years of the Whimper Republic, there were many political threats fr om left and right towards the new Government. The Separatists had extreme left wing political views (Communist) this group split from the SSP in frustration and anger at the Spud's role within the Government.The leaders of this Communist Party were Karl Libertines and Rosa Luxemburg. On January 1st 1919, the members of the Separatists movement rose up in an attempted revolution. The group's leaders initially made this move. The new Government acted promptly and were certainly not stymied with their actions to bring this revolution to an end, As the two main leaders were killed whilst in police custody, The fret-corps (a paramilitary group consisting of former Servicemen) broke down this â€Å"revolution† with force.This issue is acknowledged in source c – â€Å"The Whimper Republic faced its first threat, the communist-inspired Separatists rising. Another well known historian to back my points up is Broacher who states; – â€Å"Contends that the occasion fear of revolution from the left by the early Whimper government, led to their overlooking the much more likely threat posed by the right. We can SE that the Kappa putsch was the first attempt from the right wing extremists, to take control of the constitutional government. (They did this because they favored the restoration of some somewhat authoritarian, dictatorial regime).The Kappa Putsch was led by Wolfgang Kappa The right wing extremists wanted the army to regain its numbers of men in a dictatorial regime. This was not possible because in the signed treaty of Versailles there was an agreement that the army must be cut and no more people could Join the army. The events occurred as followed 1920 about 12,000 members of the Fret-corps (in support of the Kappa putsch) marched to Berlin this is where they seized the main buildings of the capital with ease and no force was set up against them in these buildings was where they installed a new government.The German army did not it he told the German army to put down the rebellious forces, the army was not prepared to become involved with either side. This is also due to the support it had from the army as many significant officers chose to support it the army-followed suit (General Ludwig and General Oldenburg. Ludwig had major involvement and he orchestrated an uprising in Berlin on March 13th. Army troops were sympathetic to the uprising, they took control of Berlin, and Ludwig proclaimed right wing government.The putsch soon ended because SSP members of the government had called for a general strike, which soon paralyses the capital and quickly spread to the rest of the country. (The morale within Germany is strong here as they stuck together o end what was wrong â€Å"Kappa Putsch†) The rebels had little support in Berlin and in Germany elsewhere. It soon became clear that the Army couldn't of been taken for granted, there was no universal support for the Whimper government also the government had limited means of dealings with uprisings of this nature and politicians were not necessarily safe in Berlin this shows a near end to the Kappa Putsch.After four days of this political uprising and after putting Berlin on a stand still, with no/little support it was clear that Wolfgang Kappa and his government gained no real authority and they fled the city. There is evidence of this in sources b and c : â€Å"A military putsch has started. The mercenaries, who were afraid that their Fireworks regiments would be disbanded, have attempted to overthrow the Republic and establish a dictatorial government with Kappa and General von L;twits at its head. † And in 1920, came a second attempt to overthrow the Republic, this time by the right wing Kappa Putsch. It is stated in source C that A brief period of relative calm followed, only to be disrupted in 1923 by hyperinflation that threatened economic chaos and undermined the government's reputation. The Communists were overcautious during th e mass protests of 1923 and acted too late in the â€Å"German October† of 1923†³ this is a big threat to Germany both politically and economically as well as destroying even more of the remaining morale. The hyperinflation crisis increased support for the more extremist parties such as the Nazis would use the hyperinflation crisis to portray their beliefs on how a country should be run.This was very threatening towards the Whimper republic/government propaganda against the government damaged it and lost supporters. The next political uprising to occur was the Munich putsch, which took place from 8-9 November 1923. As the economy floundered and the government struggled to cope with the turmoil, a group of Right Wing politicians in Bavaria planned to take this opportunity to overthrow the government. This event is iconic as it was the first event that Hitler is introduced. However, The Nazis were far too weak on their own to stage any kind of political takeover.It was the need for allies, which led Hitler into negotiations with the right wing Government leaders Kara, Kisser and Lows who had planned this uprising to commence. The Munich Putsch took place from 8-9 November 1923. Reasons behind their rebellious behavior were the developing crisis in Germany in 1923. Due to the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Rue as they took payment in kind, passive resistance, hyperinflation and â€Å"The German October,† Kara and Lows blamed most the republican regime with a â€Å"March on Berlin† from Munich.They lacked faith in this political stunt/ uprising and therefore, they decided to abandon the plan but Hitler wanted to proceed with the Nazis they took control of a large rally, which Kara was addressing in one of Eunuch's beer halls and declared a â€Å"national revolution. Under pressure from the Nazis and Hitler Kara and Lows appeared to co-operate, but General Sect, the chief of the Army Command who was suspicious of Hitler, used his powers to command the armed forces to resist the putsch.The police were notified and the police and a gun battle followed informed the army about this uprising on the day of the putsch the Nazis marched on but were met. In this putsch inn this putsch 16 Nazi supporters were killed and the uprising was easily suppressed. Most of the Nazi leadership were arrested and then put on trial for reason; leading sympathizers including General Ultrasound was also arrested. The consequences of the Munich putsch were probably of the more significance than the uprising it's self.At Hitter's trial, he was given special treatment as was allowed to make long speeches to explain his reasons. Hitler is well known for many terrible things but I believe the most dangerous is his talking skill; Hitler has an orator characteristic therefore, he can easily convince people. This skill transformed him from a little known politician into a champion of the right wing. This is mentioned in source c. Finally, in Novem ber 1923, came another right-wing assault, the Munich Putsch led by Doll Hitler.The Whimper Republic survived because the extremist forces of both Left and Right failed to attract much support and were both divided and disorganized. † Using all the sources, and my own knowledge, I have assessed to what extent the Kappa Putsch and other political uprisings represented the greatest threat to the Whimper Republic in the period 1919-1923, it is clear to see that this was not the best time for the Whimper Republic as they faced a lot of opposition from the angered and betrayed Germans

A Detailed Guide On Making Atole

A Detailed Guide On Making Atole How to make Atole It was a cold day during winter break, and I was trying to catch up on my favourite show Pretty Little Liars. I was sitting in the living room and then a hot milky scent wafting from the kitchen hit me. I remember thinking that there was nothing better than a hot drink for this cold weather. I was very excited and headed straight for the kitchen. Hands holding on the edge of the doorway, peeping my head into the room, I saw my host mother making a hot beverage, and she offered me some. At first, I only tried a little bit, but then I had another sip, another one, and another one, until everything was gone. At that moment, I realized how much I liked the drink and that I would definitely need it to survive the upcoming winter days. I later found out that it was a Mexican drink called Atole. Since I was only able to enjoy the drink if someone made it for me, I decided to learn how to make it myself, which turned out to be relatively easy. There are two main stages to make this drink; th ey are buying the ingredients and then combining them to make the beverage. Before going into the instructions, it might beneficial to learn some background information about Atole. Atole is a traditional Mexican drink originating from pre-Columbian time and usually served at Dias de los muertos celebrations, which is translated as â€Å"Day of the Dead†. In Mexico, the hot thickened drink is typically made with cornmeal, water, raw sugar cane, cinnamon, and vanilla. It can also be served for breakfast on regular days or as a drink in the afternoon and late evening in place of tea, hot chocolate or coffee. With different brands, there is a wide variety of Atole flavors to choose from such as walnut, coconut, strawberry, guava, and chocolate. The only brand I had was Klass, but then I like the drink so much that I tried all their flavors and found out that walnut Atole is my favourite, which I would highly recommend to anyone. To make Klass Atole, I have to buy a package of Atole powder. Klass Atole can be found easily in grocery stores in South Texas or Northern Mexico; however, since I do not live there anymore, I have to order them online and sometimes they do not even have walnut flavor. Other than the package, the main materials needed for the process are sugar, milk, a medium-size saucepan or stockpot, a ladle, a glass or a mug, a table spoon, and measuring cups. After gathering all the materials and ingredients, all I had to do was to follow the recipe and the drink would be ready in less than half an hour. First, I put five cups of milk into a saucepan or a stockpot. After, I put the saucepan of milk on the stove on medium-high heat until the milk started to boil, which often took ten minutes. Third, while waiting for the milk to boil, I put one cup of milk into a glass or a mug and poured the entire Atole package into the container and stirred the mixture. Next, when the milk started to boil, I turned down the fire to low heat, poured the mixture into the saucepan and stirred it for one minute. Soon, I stirred about five to eight table spoons of sugar into the drink. Finally, I turned off the stove and poured out the drink into a mug and it was ready to serve. I suggest enjoying the drink with a spoon to make it easier to drink when it is still hot and delicious. As an international student who has traveled and tried new things in different parts of the United States, I have come to love Atole. I have not mastered and tried new things with Atole yet, but I am hoping to get better and better at it. It will always be a pleasure for me to introduce this appetizing drink to people all around the world.

Muslims and Arabs in American Society Coursework - 2

Muslims and Arabs in American Society - Coursework Example Steps have been taken to alter American perceptions about Muslim and Arab community in order to strengthen mutual interests and respect, and crack the code for understanding and communication with the Muslim and Arab groups. Now, by abandoning unpopular policies and with a difference in manner and style, focusing on the priorities of Muslim and Arab groups has become highly important for US public diplomacy department (Greco). Arabs and Muslims in America have been subjected to prejudice and hate crimes following the post 9/11 conflict between US and Muslim world. Mysteriousness, religious extremism, and cultural backwardness are the characteristics of orientalism, which are associated with American Muslims and Arabs (Jayne). Orientalism and prejudice together foment crime and hate between Muslims and Christian community in America. It should be understood on individual level that not all Muslims hold the same negative grudges against Americans, so they should be spared from hate cri mes targeted at American Muslim groups, and children should also be taught how to tolerate different religions and cultures.

Policy Report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Policy Report - Research Paper Example The agreement was initiated in the year 1994 comprising of complex principles as well as lengthy documents. Altogether, the principles have been documented in eight sections, 22 chapters and nearly 2000 pages. It generally sets rules for international trade as well as investment between Canada, the United States as well as Mexico (USDA, 2004). The major issues associated with NAFTA can be identified with reference to various occasions. For instance, since the agreement has been signed, a substantial deficit became gradually apparent between the three nations leading towards dislocation of resources. Furthermore, the manufacturing sector also had to witness a decline that endorsed numerous US jobs. Besides, it was observed that most of the US companies re-established their manufacturing units to Mexico at the cost of many US jobs. To mitigate such consequential effects, countries attempted to impose threat related to the re-establishment of businesses to squeeze concessions in wages and thus attain greater benefits (Office of United States Trade Representative, 2012). There are numerous parties who have been involved in resolving the issues at NAFTA including the Mexican economy, multinational companies based on any of the three countries (i.e. Mexico, Canada and United States) and US Federal Government acting as a combined decision maker bloc of Canada and the United States of America. These three parties play a vital role in assisting United States at minimising the trade deficit which was initially observed in the international trade affairs between the allied nations. The other parties involved in this process include the US companies who must have the capability to compete on the world stage, socially conscious as well as responsible organisations that are sponsoring training programs (Office of United States Trade

Gender Identities, Stardom and the Italian Popular Music Essay

Gender Identities, Stardom and the Italian Popular Music - Essay Example This "Gender Identities, Stardom and the Italian Popular Music" essay outlines the gender stereotypes in the music industry specifically in Italian one. It is obvious that stardom is linked to the notion of spectacle which means that it is not possible to achieve stardom without doing something spectacular. The relationship between music and spectacle is a difficult one as the lyrics alone may not create powerful attraction. Te singer has to tactfully perform in order to create spectacle. The singer has to evolve as a performer to manipulate the viewers with the use of specific gestures and language. Music making is a craft and artists tend to use different criteria to gain the attention of the audience. One of their techniques is to manipulate their appearances to attract the viewers that are playing with their gender. They often do it by adopting features similar to their opposite sex. Contrary to Jackqueline Warwick, who argues that pop stars are feminine, a phenomenon that may be restricted to male pop stars but not to female artists. In the case of female pop stars, they tend to imitate masculinity in their performances to become the centre of attraction. Gender criterion has played a vital role in the construction of stardom. Male and female singers get different reception from the audience due to their gender identities because the conventional and widespread perceptions about the roles of men and women have made some specific boundaries for the performances and approached of men and women when they perform in media.

Leadership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership - Research Paper Example Lot of research has been carried out for the development of effective management theories that have helped leaders to make efficient and progressive decisions. The research study will investigate the most effective management theories that have been adapted by business leaders. Power inspires some business leaders to play their part for their organizations as well as for the welfare of the society. Management practices cannot be isolated from the failures since every endeavor has two possible outcomes. Successful leadership can be achieved by the adoption of suitable management strategies and theories alongside endeavors for the betterment of the society. Bill Gates is considered to be one of the most successful business leaders of the current times. He is the co-founder and chairman of one of the biggest companies in the world- Microsoft. Microsoft is the most successful software company because it makes efficient software that appeal to the masses due to their usability and performance capabilities. The company has expanded internationally over the past years; it has over 55,000 employees in around 85 countries around the world (â€Å"Business Profile- Bill Gates†). Success of this caliber needs determination and effective management strategies to overcome obstacles in the way. The question that prevails in the mind of almost every layman is: â€Å"How did they do it?†. Some might suggest that the success is due to their love for money or marketing tactics. However, most will agree that if one does not have a vision then nothing can be achieved in life. One of the three aspects of â€Å"Theory of Business† by Peter Drucker (â€Å"Systems Theory†) involves the development of a mission statement and vision since a business without a clear direction and purpose can never succeed. Bill Gates developed the vision of making computers accessible for every common man (Beaumont). His vision was to make computers so common that every house would have at least one

IT Security. Epworth Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IT Security. Epworth - Assignment Example The storage of information is at times prone to intrusion from the foes. It is at this point that the persons using the database have to ensure that there is utmost security of the stored information. Other trends in IT include such things as the use of wireless LANS (Stewart, Tittel and Chapple, 2011). This is one of the developments that are in IT. IT comprises of many contentious issues like the use of suites of security technology, reputation risk, online awareness and the wireless LAN technology. Task1 (Reputational risk) The chief officer for security at Epworth is the person concerned with the security of the firm’s information stored in the database. His claims that the system is robust against reputational risk are a heap of lies. This is because the database of the Epworth organization is accessible to any web server. The web server can directly access the web where the health care firm stores information concerning to the employees and the patients. This direct access is the one that makes me defy the fact that the reputation of the patients is safe. Secretive patient’s information storage occurs in the database (Honey, 2009). Therefore, the security officer’s remarks are not true. Current observations show that the fact that the database is accessible to all employees of the Epworth health care .This accessibility is the key to hacking of necessary information concerning the organization (Neef, 2003). ... An IBM analyst has recommended to Epworth a suite of security technologies aimed at database compromise and data loss prevention at a cost of $40,000 per year. This would ensure that the database information is free from falling into the hands of the enemy. Therefore, it would be beneficial to implement the suite because of different reasons. One of the reasons is the fact that the database information is exceedingly necessary to any firm. The cost of installing the prevention mechanisms may be high but the benefits are many (CDTM, 2007). Epworth would have the assurance that the security of information pertaining to their patients and workers is safe. Purchasing a licensed copy of the security suite is also particular because the firms can assure their patients that their details are safe. The other reason as to why this is necessary is that the cost of replacing the lost information would be more than the cost of installing the security kit (Whitman and Mattord, 2010). The installa tion of database security is necessary because the process of coming up with new details about patients is costly. Contacting and informing the patients about their account numbers and providing new cards would be exceedingly tedious. The last reason for the installation would be the fact that database compromise is up to 25%. Task 3 (online training of employees) If Epworth were to bestow me with the task of conducting online employee awareness, this would be a go ahead for the firm. On-line employee awareness and training course for safeguarding sensitive patient information is a practice that any firm requires. This would ensure that the employees are aware of the requirements

What is Stress Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is Stress - Assignment Example It should be said that these factors influence all people: adults and children, poor and rich, politicians and mineworkers. One can hardly find a person, who had never suffered from stress. The term "stress" has become familiar in our day-to-day vocabulary. In this short and at the same time capacious word we insert the comprehension of changes in own behaviour and a full scale of emotions and feelings, which come up in difficult situations or in danger, which have become essential of our modern way of life. However it is inherent to people to dramatise difficulties of a given moment. Human's existence had never been easy. Let us remember the history of mankind. The entire development of civilization from ancient times to today has been accompanied with continuous stress. In different times people suffered from hunger, wars, deceases, nature cataclysms, conflicts of interests, necessity to adapt to new forms of social structure and changes of technologies. So stress is not an "achiev ement" of modernity, it has just reshaped under the influence of new conditions.Nowadays the question of vital importance for the society is to cope with global work-related stress, which is observable in all spheres of human activity. . One of the most stress-liable groups is students. It is obvious that they have to cope with great physical and mental tasks. They often have to deal with lucubration in exams period. So stress is a 'shadow' of any student. That is why it is important for every student to know how to cope with stress. Let us consider General Exam Stress-Busting Tips, which have been offered by ISMA (n. d.), a registered charity with a multi-disciplinary professional membership, which exists to promote knowledge and best practice in the prevention and reduction of human stress. ISMA suggests all students Believe in yourself. Don't try to be perfect. Take steps to overcome problems. Don't keep things bottled up. Keep things in perspective. In the UK it is estimated that each working day 270,000 people are absent from work with stress, and in 1996 sickness absence cost UK business & 12 billion (Ameghino, 1998). The HSE report that almost twenty millions working days a year are lost because work-related illness, and off the two million suffers of job-linked illnesses, 500,000 workers say that stress is so bad that it is making them ill (Milne, 1998).Causes of stress According to Arthur (2004, p. 160), "employees do not become stress just because of character flaws or mental health vulnerability; rather the context in which people live and work can stress them". Work-related tress can be caused by various factors (stressors). The most widespread reasons of stresses are conflicts with the leadership and colleagues. Often the stress is determined by congestion with work, overwork. Stress can be provoked by numerous assignments and requirements of leaders, which must be fulfilled immediately, without taking into account opportunities of

Four Goals of Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Four Goals of Psychology - Essay Example 17). With that distinction, psychology becomes an integral discipline that has goals to unravel information about the mind. In connection to the direction and progress of the study of the mind, four goals will be presented in the paper regarding psychology. Each will be elaborated and their advantages and disadvantages will be explored. The author then will take a position as to whether the goals are helpful or harmful to human beings supported by facts. The four goals of psychology are description, explanation, prediction, and behavioral change (Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian, 2010, p. 4). Description pertains to the objective of psychology to provide the details of the mind, behavior and motivation of people (Cutler and Penrod, 1995, p. 57). It also explores deep into the attitudes and emotions by conducting studies through surveys, observations, interviews and experimentation with the aid of equipment. On the other hand, explanation is the next step after description. It allows the psychologists to provide the information and analysis to other people and putting rational judgments on their findings (Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian, 2010, p. 4). Usually generalization is done to create principles and theories that will hold true for the majority of the findings. After explanation comes prediction which is an intelligent guess and differs from wild guess as the former makes use of science and past findings to predict the future. In the case of psychology, prediction is done based on the data or principles regarding past behaviors and attitudes (Cutler and Penrod, 1995, p. 58). With prediction, it allows people to make more accurate decisions. The last goal is behavioral change and it pertains to the act of intervening with the habits and actions of people using the techniques based on the findings about the workings of the mind (Plotnik and Kouyoumdjian, 2010, p. 4). The advantages of psychology then are easily seen as the

Drama and Theater Essay Example for Free

Drama and Theater Essay What is drama? What are the similarities and differences between Greek Drama, Renaissance Drama, Kabuki Drama, and Contemporary Drama? Drama is tension. In the context of a play in a theatre, tension often means that the audience is expecting something to happen between the characters on stage. Will they shoot each other? Will they finally confess their undying love for one another? Drama derived from the Greek verb dran, meaning â€Å" to act† or â€Å"to do†, refers to actions or deeds as they are performed in a theatrical setting for the benefit of a body of spectators. Drama is often combined with music and dance: the drama in opera is sung throughout; musicals include spoken dialogue and songs; and some forms of drama have regular musical accompaniment (Banham, 1998). Drama was the crowning glory of the Athenian Age. This period has been called by different terms. It has been called the Age of Pericles because Pericles was the ruling power in Athens at the time. It has been also called the Athenian Age because Athens became the white-hot literary center of Greece, and it has been called the Golden Age because the drama flourished during this period. There were three great tragic writers: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, and Aristophanes, the greatest writer of comedy the world has ever produced ( Serrano Lapid, 1987, p. 26) Drama and Theater The theatre of ancient Greece, or ancient Greek drama, is a theatrical culture that flourished in ancient Greece between c. 550 and c. 220 BCE. It is true that there is much in human nature that loves dramatic presentation, for man loves to imitate other persons. Gestures by a narrator or an orator may be considered dramatic, but these are only disjointed actions; there is a wide step between this and dramatic actions. The Greeks gave the drama as a literary form to the world. The drama of antiquity is very different from the drama as we now know it. It had dignity, nobility, and power. It had little of the spontaneity and easy naturalness of modern plays. The Greek drama was cut up into situations or episodes, and between these episodes were choral recitations of great length. These choral recitations, though they had beauty and power, slowed the action and interrupted the forward movement of the story. The choruses however, were visually attractive. The participants, competed with each other in the splendor of their dresses and the excellence of their singing and dancing (Serrano and Lapid, 1987, p. 26-27). Some example of the Greek drama were the Story of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra , by Aeschylus and The story of Oedipus The King by Sophocles (p. 28). Primary in a true appreciation of Renaissance drama is the poetry. The theatre of their day was a poetical one. Rather than being confused by the poetry we find in these plays, we need to understand why the poetical theatre was, and is, superior in expression and more powerful in emotion than a realistic one. Their stage was conventionalor poetical while todays stage is realistic. As an example, in Shakespeares Timon of Athens Timon is disgusted with mankind, hating all of the supposedly decent people he knows. When confronted by thieves he tells them to go about their work merrily; everyone steals, and he offers examples of thievery: Ill example you with thievery: The suns a thief, and with his great attraction Robs the vast sea; the moons an arrant thief, And her pale fire she snatches from the sun; The seas a thief, whose liquid surge resolves The moon into salt tears; the earths a thief, That feeds and breeds by a composture stoln From genral excrement; each thingss a thief. (Timon of Athens 4. 3. 438-45). Kabuki, like other traditional forms of drama in Japan as well as in other cultures around the world, was (and sometimes still is) performed in full-day programs. Rather than attending a single play for 2–5 hours, as one might do in a modern Western-style theater, one would escape from the day-to-day world, devoting a full day to entertainment in the theater district. Though some plays, particularly the historical jidaimono, might go on for an entire day, most plays were shorter and would be arranged, in full or in part, alongside other plays in order to produce a full-day program. This was because it was required in kabuki play to get the audience showing different preference that is in either the history plays or domestic plays like a drama, to enjoy during the full-day program. Contemporary Drama was never very popular after World War I, drama in a realist style continued to dominate the commercial theatre, especially in the United States. Even there, however, psychological realism seemed to be the goal, and nonrealistic scenic and dramatic devices were employed to achieve this end. The plays of Arthur Miller and Tennessee Williams, for instance, use memory scenes, dream sequences, purely symbolic characters, projections, and the like. Even ONeills later works-ostensibly realistic plays such as Long Days Journey into Night (produced 1956)-incorporate poetic dialogue and a carefully orchestrated background of sounds to soften the hard-edged realism. Scenery was almost always suggestive rather than realistic. European drama was not much influenced by psychological realism but was more concerned with plays of ideas, as evidenced in the works of the Italian dramatist Luigi Pirandello, the French playwrights Jean Anouilh and Jean Giraudoux, and the Belgian playwright Michel de Ghelderode. In England in the 1950s John Osbornes Look Back in Anger (1956) became a rallying point for the postwar angry young men; a Vietnam trilogy of the early 1970s, by the American playwright David Rabe, expressed the anger and frustration of many towards the war in Vietnam. Under he influence of Brecht, many postwar German playwrights wrote documentary dramas that, based on historical incidents, explored the moral obligations of individuals to themselves and to society. An example is The Deputy (1963), by Rolf Hochhuth, which deals with Pope Pius XIIs silence during World War II. The contemporary drama does not purport to be easy; it insists on a greater understanding of all things pertinent to modern humanity and its relationships to religion, societal order, psychology in order to appreciate its message; however, it critically acknowledges that most of us remain ignorant to all the former. Thus, the drama instructs, irritates, challenges, and begs for intelligence in order to gain from its message. It remains didactic, combined with pleasure, but always wishing to challenge the current notions of authority. References http://www. clt. astate. edu/wnarey/modern_contemporary_drama. htm Banham, Martin, (1998 ed. ). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521434378. Serrano, Josephine and Lapid, Milagros, (1987). English Communication Arts and Skills Through World Literature. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Egocentricity of Pechorin vs Jason Essay Example for Free

Egocentricity of Pechorin vs Jason Essay In this essay I will compare the egocentricity of the characters of Pechorin from the Russian novel, A Hero of Our Time by Lermontov, and Jason from the Greek Tragedy Medea, written by Euripides. I have selected the topic of egocentricity or self-absorption for it is prevalent in both works in respect to Pechorin and Jason where they show little if any regard for anyone but themselves throughout the works. However the time differences and social and cultural conditions of the time and place the works were written must be taken into consideration. I feel that the theme of complete selfishness and the consequences that follow is strongest in respect to Jason and Pechorin and I will compare and provide evidence for such an argument in both works. I will start by analysing Jasons utterly selfish behaviour throughout the Ancient Greek play Medea, written by Euripides. Jason is a completely egocentric character but he doesnt have as much depth or complexity as Pechorin in A Hero of Our Time which is partly due to when this play was written in ancient Greece. Society was very different people were devouted Pagans and lived in a world of superstition. Also literature was no way near as advanced however Medea still contains the fundamentals such as psychology. Jason is motivated solely by self-interest, his only motivation to court Medea in the play is the fact that she has mystical powers to get him what he wants; the Golden Fleece, for which he will get a generous reward in return. Jason even allows Medea to kill her own brother out of lust and be banished from her homeland forever by her father as a consequence. Unfortunately Jason is to self-involved to even comprehend how his Actions would affect Medea and their children. Again we see further evidence of Jasons egocentricity when he divorces Medea and abandons his kids for Glauce, princess of Corinth. He doesnt consider the affect on Medea and their children for he is blinded by his selfishness, he doesnt even mind that they are going to get banished as long as he increases his political and social status. His only defence is that he will one day be king and they will inherit the kingdom, which has no validity for he has already betrayed her trust and showed no sign of guilt and is just trying to justify himself. Even the nurse says that his marriage is for social status not love, Jason has betrayed his own sons, and my mistress, for royal bed.i Unfortunately we dont get to see Jasons interaction with friends in this play, which I would guess to be very short sighted and shallow as usual. Jason seems to have an extreme lack of morals when it comes to his own actions such as abandoning his wife and kids simply for political gain. Also his motivation for this immoral action was money and political power not love for Glauce, which is immoral. The final similarity between the two characters is regret. Jason ends up in deep regret for his action for the outcome is the death of his new wife Glauce and his children as well as his almost social castration as a result. He learns that egocentricity leads to self-destruction for you lose sight of other peoples feeling and dont take them into consideration. Where Jasons Character differs from Pechorin is in respect to his emotion place in the work and his inability to except his faults. Jasons only real sign of emotion throughout the play is the within respect to the murder of his children. What? Killed my sons? That word kills me.ii This shows the pain he must have felt inside with this loss. Jason also seems to have an inability to admit his faults. He is blinded by his self-involvement, which is evidence of insecurity for living in your own world protects your from reality. Finally I feel that Jasons role in the play is more of a villain, which could be because the play is mainly Medeas view. A template of how not to get caught up in shallow insecurities, where as Pechorin in A Hero of Our Time is portrayed as more of a modern Hero where he has faults which make him easier to relate to and a much more believable character. Pechorin is also a portrayed with an immoral and selfish attitude in the Novel, A Hero of Our time. Yet Pechorin is given a lot more human characteristics and is described in much more detail with points probing on the physiological aspects even though its just pre-Freud. It was written 2332 years after Medea from a different culture and is a much larger work therefore is bound to be different in style. Pechorin is definitely as selfish as Jason is, if not more so. He uses all his so-called romantic relationships to gain control and domination over the hearts of young women. Firstly with Bela he trades her for a Horse he stole. How immoral is firstly stealing and then trading a women as an object? Because of this her father is killed and her brother rides off so shes left with literally nothing. He soon got bored of her and barely felt anythin at her death. Later on in his relationship with Princess Mary he is similarly selfish. He wants Princess Mary for shes in high demand as wee as a challenge and he feels the need to win her, in part of this was due to his old friend Grusnitski who also desired Mary. Pechorin saw this as a challenge and didnt even consider the effect it would have on Mary and Grusninski and didnt really care for hes caught up in his own world. He even sets out to destroy Grusnitskis reputation and ends up killing him. He is also very immoral in respect to the treatment of friends such as Maxim Maxyvich. He is disrespectful towards Maxim for he feels that he is now old and useless to him, which is shown at their unexpected reunion where Pechorin is very selfish and immoral. Pechorin also experiences regret like Jason in Medea, but his regret builds up and turns into bitterness. Passions are merely ideas in their initial stage. They are the property of youth, and anyone who expects to feel their thrill throughout life is a fool.iii Pechorin has not been able to find true passion or love throughout his life. He has quickly got bored of every relationship he has been in and is bitter to the fact that true love has never found him. Evidence that he could once feel emotion would lie in when he felt joy in the memory of the sulphur springs. Now this has forced him to become callus and use everyone to hide from his empty heart. However Pechorin does admit he has faults, Ambition has been crushed in me by circumstances, but it comes out in another way, for ambition is nothing more than a lust for power and my chief delight is to dominate those around me.iv But doesnt justify them or even try to change. I believe his self-analysis is shallow and this ties in to his duality as a person, which prevents him from expressing emotion. For a long time now Ive lived by intellect, not feeling. I weigh and analyse my emotions and actions with close interest, but complete detachment. There are two men within me one lives in the full sense if the word and the other reflects and judges him.v Finally I feel that Pechorin is portrayed more as the new Hero of our Time.vi Who isnt old fashioned but strong and unconventional with human faults that we can relate to therefore hes definitely the protagonist of the novel and an affective chara cter.

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optical Fibers

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Optical Fibers A light travels in straight lines as we know it is highly impossible to make it follow a curved path to glimmer around corners. In 1970s there was a great improvement and faster growing in fibre optics communications. The main idea of light in communication system is evolved from simple signal fires and lamps. Claude chappe has a first modern attempt in optical telegraph built in the 1790s.The first problem was alleviated with the advent of semiconductor age, the semiconductor laser invented by Theodore maiman in 1962 LED(light emitted diode) is improved in optical fibre which solved the problem o0f passing light through air. The communications through optical fibre was proposed in 1966 by Charles Kao and Charles Hockham of the standard telecommunication laboratory in England. In the past few decades many technologies are introduced among them optical fibre communication is the best communication system. The main components of optical fibre are core, cladding and coating. The main duty of core is, it carries a light from transmitter to receiver. Core: It is a smallest part in optical fibre communication system. It is very delicate optical fibre cable Generally it is made up of plastic or glass. The core made up with glass is mixed with pure silicon dioxide other impurities like germanium or phosphorous. These impurities are added to improve the refractive index at certain conditions The range of glass core is from 3.7 µ to 200 µ. 1.48 is the refractive index of core The core made with plastic is larger than glass. Cladding: It is the protective and surrounded layer of core. It provides the low reflective index. In glass cladding the core and cladding is made with same material Different quantity of impurities is added to both core and cladding in order to make a difference in refractive index among them is about 1%. 1.46 is the refractive index of cladding 125 µ and 140 µ are the standard cladding diameters Coating: This is the main protective layer for the entire optical fibre. It protects the optical fibre from shocks and other external damages. Coating has an outside diameter of either 250 µ or 500 µ. Coating is colour less but to identify the coating in some applications it is coloured. 2) Advantages of Fiber optics: The band width of optical fibre is very high when compared with other communications. To increase band width in fibre optics is very easy. Data transmission is very fast in fibre optics. We can transmit data to longer distances without any noise. It is very difficult to tap the information because it is much secured. 3) Disadvantages of Fiber optics: Installation of fibre optics is very cost. When we face any problem with fibre optics we require special test equipment. Communication with fiber optic cable is more cost when compared with different broad band connection costs. In rural areas fiber optic communications are very less, in these days this is one of the main disadvantage of fiber optic. 4) Fibre Optic Losses: Due to bending and breaking of optical fibre cables losses are occurred in fibre optics. Mainly there are two types. Intrinsic losses. Extrinsic losses. 4.1) Intrinsic losses: A slight variation from one fibre to another fibre even manufactured with in specified tolerances. Losses are occurred by these variations. In Intrinsic losses there are four types of losses. They are NA (Numerical Aperture) mismatch losses. Core diameters mismatch losses. Concentric mismatch losses. Elliptical mismatch losses. Cladding diameter mismatch loss. 1) NA (Numerical Aperture) mismatches losses: If there are two optical fibres are repaired we are connecting them with splices during this connection mismatches are occurred because the cone of acceptance in the receiving fiber cannot gather the complete light emitted by the transmitting fiber. This means the light is not travelling completely. This mismatch loss is known as numerical aperture mismatch loss. 2) Core diameter mismatch losses: The difference between the core diameters is the reason of this loss. When the transmitting core greater than the receiving core or transmitting core is lesser than the receiving core light is not completely travelling. This type of mismatch is called as Core diameter mismatch losses. 3) Concentric mismatch losses: In ideal conditions the core the core and cladding are concentric, that means a single geometric centre is shared between them. The fibre core is likely to be offset by a slight amount from the cladding centre. In fiber cores when the transmitting and receiving are non concentric. They will not meet exactly and the light coming from the transmitting fiber is lost. 4) Elliptical mismatch losses: If the fiber cores not the perfectly circular and fiber cores and cladding are not perfectly concentric this types of losses are occurred. The transmitting optical fiber core is not match with receiver core. 5) Cladding diameter mismatch loss. If the diameter of the cladding are not same on the both fiber optics. This type of mismatch is occurred. This means the transmitter light is not completely sending to receiver core. 4.2) Extrinsic losses: Generally in an ideal optical fibre the cores are centred on each other they are placed at 90 degrees angle to their faces. The ends should be in firm contact. Any miss arrangement in these conditions can cause some loses in the signal. There are three types of extrinsic losses. Lateral displacement. End separation. Angular misalignment. 1) Lateral displacement: If the centres of core of two optical fibers are do not match this loss may occur. If the displacement increases less light from the transmitting fiber makes its way into the receiving fibre. A little amount of displacement is acceptable in larger fibers because the majority of the core s surface area is still in contact. In smaller fibers a slight offset can place the centre of the transmitting core entirely outside of the receiver core. 2) End Separation: The end separation loss is due to Fresnel reflection, it takes place when the light passes from fiber refractive index into the air and vice versa. In refractive index each and every change causes an amount of reflected light and therefore the loss is occurred. 3) Angular Misalignment: The optical signal will suffer from these losses when the fibers meet an angle. The solution for this loss is to arrange the fibre end properly that the both ends are in the same line during splicing. 4.3) Major causes of losses: Absorption loss. Scattering loss. Linear scattering losses. Non Linear scattering losses. Coupler losses. Insertion losses. Reflection losses. Impurity losses. Macro bending and micro bending losses. Packing fraction loss. Absorption loss : Absorption loss is occurred by the impurities in the fiber it self such as water and metals. Material absorption losses: Material absorption losses are occurred by absorption of photons within the fiber these losses represent a fundamental minimum to the attainable loss. Intrinsic absorption losses: Interaction with more than one component with glass leads to the intrinsic absorption loss. Scattering loss: I couples energy guided to radiation modes which causes the energy losses from the fiber. If there is a core diameter irregularity in fiber access direction also a reason of scattering losses. Linear Scattering loss: The quantity of light power is transferred from wave is directly proportional to the power in the wave it also causes by inhomogeneties in the glass when the size of it smaller than wave length. Non linear scattering loss: If the electric field with in the fiber has high values then it leads to the presence of non linear scattering ,it also causes when significant power is scattered in all the directions. Coupler loss: The fiber optics coupler are active or passive devices the coupling loss in optical fiber is defined as, = output power =inputpower Connection losses increased by fiber to fiber connection due to the following sources of intrinsic and extrinsic. Mainly we have four types coupling losses 1.Reflectionlosses. 2.Fiber separation. 3.Fiber misalignment. 4.Fiber mismatch Insertion losses: Insertion losses are combination of coupling loss and additional fibre losses. If joints of fiber can increased the attenuation of fibre this is done in multimode operation. Fiber joints can leads to the second order mode in single mode fiber. Reflection losses: Light waves of reflection and transmission occur because frequency do not match the natural resonant frequencies of vibration of object. Impurity losses: The first source of impurities material in glass fibre is metallic ions, the loss due to this reduces the contribution below 1DB/KM. Macro and microbending losses: These loss may occur due to sharp bend in fibre, to produce high losses a short length of optical fibre is to be bend, as tight as the fibre optic the losses are worst. The major problem in macro losses is in the hands of the installer.The losses in micro bends is same as the macro bands but it just differs in the size and cause. The radius is equal or less then the diameter the outer layer will shrink and get shorter when the fibre is too cold, fibre optic cables are available with a range of temperatures from C to C. Macrobend Microbend Packing fractin losses: Single emitter sometimes uses a bundle of fibres, if claddings are in contacts many fibres are packed together. Large area source can match a large bundle in order to eliminate area mismatch loss. Small sources can emit less like than the larger once , in single fibre larger one has more power to couple into a bundle than into a single fibre. Fibre optic as a sensor: Sensor provide link to interface between the electronic units and physical world the sensor can detect physical and chemical qualities such as temperature, pressure, vibration, flow , acceleration, proximity,and chemical concentrations. A basic sensor is made upof a light source(laser or led), a length of fibre and optical detector. Fibre optic itself acts as a sensor by varying he intensity of light these measurements are done. Only the source and the detector is required in the sensors hence it is very simpler. Based on the performance characteristics there are four different types of sensors they are 1. Extrinsic sensors. 2. Intrinsic sensors. 3. Fibre bragg grating (FBG sensors). 4. Long period grating sensor. Extrinsic sensor: In extrinsic sensors the outside part of the fibre undergoes to the sensing effect. The fibre acts as a collection system in light delivery. For example a chemical sensor utilizes a sensitive material on the tip, light is passà © through the fibre and reflected back. In the chemical solution as the concentration changes the tip properties may change and the reflection of the light also changes which gives the measure of chemical concentration. Intrinsic sensor: In intrinsic sensor the changes takes place within the fibre. The change is outside the fibre and the fibre remains unchanged when the intrinsic sensor is in contract to extrinsic sensors. For example when a fibre with ruff surfaces is placed between two plates, the fibre is pressed by the plates when the pressure increases the attenuation of the fibre increases due to this. Bend and micro bend sensor: Bent in a optical fibre leads to a portion of propagating light beam along the bend is incident at angles must be smaller than the critical angle by which attenuation, this can be used for sensing measure load and stream are found by this mechanism, lose of power occurs if any load lead to a bending of fibre. This measure gives the distribution of strain and load with the use of lost power. A series of random bends and small bends along the fibre is known a micro bending. It acts as a coupling between cladding and core modes in a single mode fibre and between multimode fibre. Fibre bragg grating(FBG Sensor): TO MEASURE TEMPERATURE AND STRAIN: To measure sensing mechanical strain, temperature and acceleration we use FBG sensors. Parameters that changes any of these results in a change in reflected wavelength, these changes when measured, sensing or external perturbations can be done. Long period grating sensor: Periodic perturbations along the length of the fibre with periods greater than hundred micro meters which includes coupling between the light propagating in core and cladding is long period grating. Cladding code influence the power transmitter through the fibre used to find the refractive index when there is any change in the medium around the fibre. Interferometric sensors: # In this the light is transmitted through to fibres. one of them (reference arm) isolated from environment and its properties are constant. And another fibre (measure arm) is exposed to parameter during sensing. The face of the light is changed by the parameters. The interferometric sensors has the greatest sensitivity and it has highest performance capabilities. The Interferometric sensor. ( John F.R, 1997, pp-543). ADVANTAGES OF FIBRE OPTICS SENSORS: It allows an access to normally inaccessible areas of interest. It is an non-electrical. Due to small size and less weight of the sensors it effective in cost. It has high sensitivity. It has high reliability. It is very easy to install. Transmitter: Transmitter converts electrical signal into light signal. It has two functions Light emitter Regulator Light emitter: It works as a soirce of light coupled into optical cable. Regulator: It modulates the light to represent the binary data. Light emitting diode: The transmitter are directly modulate when the drive current passed through the LED is varied. The power is directly proportional to the current flowing in the LED. According to the applications the drive currents is measured. The drive current is switched on and off in digital applications. And the current is varied in Analog application. The LED transmitter is packed with the receiver since the space is reduced and simplifies the circuit designing which reduces the cost. Characteristics of the LED: Recommended operating conditions. Electrical characteristics Optical characteristics Data rate Recommended operating conditions: It describe the temperature and voltage ranges that device can operate in without damage. Without any fluctuations the maximum and minimum operating temperatures can be measured. Electrical characteristics: It describes.. the required supply current Data output voltages Signal detect output voltages Rise fall times Optical characteristics: It includes Minimum optical input power Maxcimum optical input power Operating wavelength

Teens, Sex, and Virginity - I Lost My Virginity Essay -- Personal Nar

I lost my virginity i arrived at college a seventeen year-old virgin who had been drunk only once before. it wasn't a concious decision to change all that, but i definately had no intention of remaining the awkward, hesitant good girl i had been throughout high school. i had resolved to try everything without fear, which was one reason i signed up for a rock climbing orientation trip. it is here that martin enters the picture. he was one of my trip leaders, a twenty three year old senior from california. he was a runner and a republican, and his looks were not unlike those of teen heartthrob scott wolf. i quickly dismissed the idea of his being interested in me. he seemed too hot, too experienced, too suave. i was so young. the rock climbing trip was quickly over, and i returned back to campus covered in bruises and pride. classes started, i settled into the swing of things, and i gave martin no further thought, except when i ran into him at parties. i learned to drink, a lot, and learned to pass out at parties to avoid having to go back to my room alone. i experienced my first...

Good Use - The Customer is Always Right Essay -- Teaching Writing Educ

Good Use - The Customer is Always Right Does "I respectfully submit my resignation," convey the same meaning as, "I quit?" Certainly the tone of voice is different, but do these two phrases say the same thing? Which one is correct? In answering these questions we are making decisions about what constitutes good use in writing techniques. According to Orwell's Advice for Writing, one should, "Never use a long word where a short one will do." Following this line of thinking one would logically conclude that "I quit," a phrase of only five characters in length, is by far the better choice when comparing it to the thirty-two character alternative, "I respectfully submit my resignation." However, there may just be a bit more to proper usage in writing than choosing between longer and shorter words/phrases of the same meaning. In fact, the most important aspect of usage may just be the audience for which the writing is intended. (in other words, it's not the size that counts, it's whose using it!) For example, J. D. Thomas point s out that in technical writing, "Efficient communication depends upon a 'middle' range..." or writing that will be utilized by people with varied educational/technical backgrounds. Technicians use jargon that may not be understood by an otherwise well educated person. Therefore, if a technician wants to write a paper explaining some revolutionary way of manufacturing to a potential investor, she's going to have to adjust her writing to suit her audience so as to successfully convey her message. However, the same paper would have to be amended to include specific, object-oriented terminology if it were targeted towards the technician's peers. Another important aspect of good usage, according to T. Cliffo... ... audience is the determining factor of good use. The two phrases mentioned earlier, "I quit," and "I respectfully submit my resignation," illustrate the power the audience has in writing. Without knowing for whom the phrases are intended, the author can't make a decision between the two. "I quit," is short and to the point, but who is the writer talking to? Will the abrupt nature of the phrase cause tension or will the audience simply ignore it as insignificant babble? If it's an employer that she is expecting a good reference from, perhaps, "I respectfully submit my resignation," is the way to go. On the other hand, if shock value is the intent of the writer, an entire realm of discontinued-employment phrases may become appropriate. Metaphorically speaking, the audience is the customer in the department store of writing styles, and the customer is always right.

Rebellion in Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale :: Handmaids Tale

Rebellion in Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale "Rebels defy the rules of society, risking everything to retain their humanity. If the world Atwood depicts is chilling, if 'God is losing,' the only hope for optimism is a vision that includes the inevitability of human struggle against the prevailing order." -Joyce Johnson- Margaret Atwood's The Handmaid's Tale analyzes human nature by presenting an internal conflict in Offred: acceptance of current social trends (victim mentality) -vs- resistance for the sake of individual welfare and liberties (humanity). This conflict serves as a warning to society, about the dangers of the general acceptance of social evils and boldly illustrates the internal struggle that rebels face in choosing to rebel. Offred is a Handmaid in the republic of Gilead and while she seems unhappy about this, she is confused about her identity and even starts to accept the role that has been imposed upon her. It seems strange that one might accept such radical changes so easily. Offred has been manipulated into believing that this sinister system was designed for her own good. Peter S. Prescott says: " Offred at first accepts assurance that the new order is for her protection." (151) She must lie on her back once a month and hope that commander makes her pregnant because her sole purpose is to act as a vessel. She even starts to measure her self-worth by the viability of her ovaries and this negatively affects her self-image. This is how Offred characterizes the deploring act : "The commander is fucking. What he is fucking is the lower part of my body. I don't say making love because that's not what he is doing. Copulating too would be inaccurate because it would imply two people,when there is only one. Nor does rape cover it. Nothing was going on here that I haven't signed up for. There wasn't a lot of choice, but there was some and this is what I chose." (Atwood,121) This statement is very dangerous. It shows how Offred has convinced herself that this deploring act is not so bad. It also shows how she is beginning to embrace the system and justify the violations that are being commited against her. By calling it a choice she has shifted the blame from her oppressors to herself and labeled the blatant crime as a mere ritual. Offred shows signs of a developing victim mentality where she accepts defeat and associates the regime's will with her own.

Hamlet presents indecision with decisive craft Essay

Hamlet was written approximately in 1600, during the Elizabethan era, the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Although the head of church and state was a woman, it was predominantly a patriarchal society. The monarch held a policy such as male-preference primogeniture which allows a female to succeed if she has no living brothers and no deceased brothers who left surviving legitimate descendants. Prior to her death, she announced that James I of Scotland would also become James VI of England. Elizabeth announced this to her people in order to avoid catastrophic political and social ramifications. Incest was ripe amongst European royalty, and still is still relevant nowadays. Queen Victoria earned the affectionate nickname, â€Å"Grandmother of Europe†, this royal incestuous behaviour is also evident in Hamlet. Although, adultery and incest is forbidden in the Bible and deemed punishable by death; the Elizabethan audience would have been outraged by the idea of incest and adultery. Although it does not state or there being sufficient evidence that Gertrude was committing adultery with Claudius, considering their hasty marriage shortly after his death, one can certainly allude to the possibility. Being a prince brings with it certain responsibilities and a sense of honour. Hamlet is trapped in a moral dilemma, does he kill the king and avenge his father or does he choose to follow his Christian and royal obligations? Ultimately, Hamlet proves to be indecisive by deliberating which course of action he should take when confronted by an issue. He deliberates due to his strong sense of moral beliefs and code of honour, so therefore is acting wisely when thinking before he acts. However, this does not make him an indecisive character, but rather a wise and logical one. Unfortunately, the conflict that exists between his sense of honour and moral correctness causes a conflict of emotionally driven consequences. Many critics believe Hamlet to be an indecisive character. On the contrary, Hamlet is a decisive character, Hamlet simply make decisions that lead to indecision. However, this does not make him indecisive. When Hamlet encounters the ghost, Hamlet learns that his father was murdered by his uncle, Claudius, â€Å"The serpent that did sting thy father’s life now wears his crown†. Hamlet takes an oath to avenge his father’s murder and informs Horatio of his â€Å"antic-disposition†. Hamlet needs to feign madness in order to avoid suspicion from Claudius, this is a decisive decision. Hamlet has lost his father and also to a certain extent his mother, he finds out that his father was murdered by his uncle and he has lost the thorn to his Kingdom. The grief Hamlet experiences must be traumatic, although acting upon grief is extremely dangerous; this could possibly be why Hamlet waits until he can think clearly and productively before taking his revenge, Hamlet is a well-educated and civilised man whom contemplates his thoughts before taking action which are demonstrated throughout the play e. g. his soliloquies. Claudius is now king, if Hamlet attempted to murder him he would surely be executed on an account of the highest possible treason; regicide, which would surely not be justice. Hamlet needed to be smart about how and when to bring about the revenge. He not only needed to kill Claudius but he needed to ensure his and his father’s legacy while destroying Claudius’s in the process, surely unveiling the truth and exposing him as a â€Å"damned villain† would be more satisfying and greater justice than merely killing him. However, in doing so Hamlet has metaphorical blood on his hands, in the process of avenging his father many innocent people die including Ophelia and Gertrude. Also on his quest for revenge another revenge plot unfolds, Laertes revenging Polonius’s murder. Many critics consider Hamlet’s delay simply as a plot device claiming if Hamlet had taken revenge earlier then the play would have been extremely short, this is clearly not true since Hamlet makes it clear to the audience that he himself is aware of his inaction, Shakespeare would not have included this if not to make a clear point, one could also say it is used as a device simply to arouse tension and suspense, while this may be somewhat true I think it is only a minor contribution to the delay, I think the delay has more to do with Hamlet’s morality and his character and the conflicting factors and characters (i. e. Claudius as king and being married to his mother). Some critics believe the delay is nothing more than cowardice; however this proves to be incorrect as Hamlet appears most heroic in certain stages of the play such as killing Polonius and the duel with Laertes. Many critics claim the reason for Hamlet’s delay is due to Claudius being king and therefore it is difficult for Hamlet to take his revenge due to his status and tight security. However, there are times in the play where Hamlet has unguarded access to Claudius, such as when Claudius is praying. Freudian critics such as Ernest Jones and Sigmund Freud claim Hamlet’s mysterious procrastination is a consequence of the Oedipus complex: the son continually postpones the act of revenge because of the impossibly complicated psychodynamic situation in which he finds himself. Though he hates his fratricidal uncle, he nevertheless unconsciously identifies with him-for, having killed Hamlet’s father and married his mother, Claudius has carried out what are Hamlet’s own unconscious wishes. In addition, marriage to Hamlet’s mother gives the uncle the unconscious status of the father-destructive impulses towards whom provoke great anxiety and meet with repression. While it is impossible to prove this theory due to the subconscious nature, some could rebuke this by claiming Shakespeare did not clearly make this a concept in Hamlet, if he had chosen to do so then surely he would have made it more identifiable for the audience. It is certainly true that Hamlet feels betrayed by his mother for disgracing his father’s good name by marrying his brother so shortly after his death, however to claim that Hamlet had different motives for killing Claudius other than revenging his father and bringing about justice to the Danish court is extremely vague and questionable. If Hamlet kills Claudius, certainly it should be classified as justifiable homicide, not only has Claudius committed murderer, but he has also committed regicide and fratricide and could Hamlet not say he was simply acting in self-defence since Claudius sent him to England to his deathbed. It is important to note that Hamlet does not mind if he lives after he has got his revenge, the ‘to be or not to be’ soliloquy contemplates whether to commit suicide or not, whether to take action upon his uncle or not, therefore from these soliloquies we can gather that the idea of death did not so much as fright Hamlet, rather the idea of death without fulfilling his purpose. Hamlet claims that fear of the unknown after death and the idea of going to hell are what stop him from committing suicide, however I believe this is simply an excuse not to take the cowards way out, I believe the real reason for him not committing suicide is due to his desire and need for his revenge upon Claudius. Hamlet’s death in the play, is somewhat similar to that of Jesus Christ, who had to die for the sins of humanity, perhaps this is why Christ is personified as such of a hero because he ended his life in sacrifice to God for us, similarly Hamlet did not just want to kill Claudius for the sake of avenging his father, he also wanted to bring justice to the Danish court and to get rid of the corruption on behalf of Denmark and her people, ultimately he kills Claudius and dies himself in the process and in return for his bravery, he has remained an iconic hero for centuries. Since the theme is revenge and justice, surely Hamlet had to die considering he is also now a target for revenge; it would have been highly hypocritical if Shakespeare had let Hamlet have lived after killing an innocent person, even if he was a â€Å"wretched, rash, intruding fool†. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern betrayed Hamlet, they were aware of Hamlet’s upcoming death sentence and they did not do anything to try and prevent it, therefore I believe Hamlet was justified in sending them to their deaths instead. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are contrasting characters to Hamlet, their indecision led to their deaths and although Hamlet eventually dies as well he, at least he fulfilled what needed to be done. Does not everybody die eventually any why? Perhaps one could say that the pirates arriving gave Hamlet an excellent opportunity to escape was the will of God, destiny even. Considering these points, I do not believe Hamlet was an indecisive character. He made many decisions in the play, although he made some decisions that led to indecision however still with the focus of eventual revenge e. g. Hamlet decided to make the players perform the play â€Å"The Murder of Gonzago† in order to see evidence of Claudius’s guilt himself, â€Å"the play’s the thing wherein i’ll catch the conscience of the king† this leads to the waiting of the play’s performance but Hamlet did this to ensure without a doubt that Claudius was guilty of murder. Hamlet exclaims to his mother, â€Å"I essentially am not in madness but mad in craft†, Hamlet’s ‘craft’ ultimately leads to Claudius’s death, and although so does it to many other innocent characters in the play and himself, perhaps what Hamlet needed was to be decisive quicker in order to prevent innocent blood from being spilt. Perhaps this was Shakespeare’s message all along, when to take action and when to not, to achieve a balance between decision and indecision and to know when the appropriate time is to act. At the end of the play when Hamlet is dying, he is in the middle of Horatio and Fortinbras, Horatio symbolises the scholar and Fortinbras symbolises the warrior. Hamlet successfully achieved to be both scholar and warrior.

Racism and Gender Essay

Explore the crossbreeding of racial secretion and grammatical charge up activityual form in coetaneous Australia. In a place extraly equal Australia recognised to be a multicultural country, sexuality is tar unsexed in subspecies particular(a) aspects and race is populated in sexual activityed figure outs. This newspaper will elaborate on the intersection of racialism and gender when some(prenominal) cause into into play as hearty as the role it presents in Australia of todays confederacy. Many literature give-and-takes would imply that racialism and gender fit in on the unit of measurement diametric categories from the some separate scarcely as some authors argue, there ar inter confederacys betwixt the 2.Elaboration of how racial discrimination is a form of discrimination is wholeness circumstance and gender is a nonher will be discussed passim the paper in which it will foreground how both(prenominal) cases can be seen to drive a higher force of discrimination. Authors such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Pettman, Waters and Crooks look into the studies of gender and racism to find the pervasive define on deal of all compass in contemporary Australia. Through studies of gender & racism, wo custody in particular lead been seen as comm however marginal or occult in society.Some writers illiterate on the experience of immigration and multiculturalism wo workforce stay tour others would think on wo manpowers experience of the Second World War and their migration to Australia. In relation to causality, gender could be displayed in several(predicate) emplacements in accordance to existence constituted (Pettman, 1991 pp. 53). grammatical gender has often been bypassed to land a natural topic, so they ar presumed to be vital in merciful thoughts.Pettman getes the role of gender by high spot the cultural differences inwardly a phallic and female in the categories of masculinity and womanhood in which what seem s to be the most societally appropriate to societys norms. She raises the questions, how nonage wo manpower experience racism and the ways different women confront sexism? Pettman states that Racism and sexism, even where connected, do non operate alone, precisely voice and atomic number 18 articulated through structures of power in society (pp. 54).Although it is primarily decl ard that gender is much than of a affectionately constructed bourne it is non biological, as sex would be a to a greater extent of a scientific term to it. While sex refers to more of physical attributes individuals hold, gender differences atomic number 18 by no extent categorized along with sex as both bear different connotations. In a community such as Australia, Women who argon of non- flannel minimises and autochthonal Australian be shown to be highly disadvantaged when it comes to dealing of poverty, interlocking, warranter and homing.Following the society of Aboriginals and migrati on of non-Caucasians to Australia, Pettman analyses the notion of the relations of gender prior to this. Passing passim forms of social inequity, Non-Caucasians as considerably as Indigenous Australian atomic number 18 under equal in which interactions experienced in this case atomic number 18 multi-dimensional. Pettman emphasizes that the rules, roles and practices are often fair towards them at numerous circumstances but are primarily in favor of overabundant social interests (1991 pp. 6). In demonstrating that there is a racial construction for women in particular of Indigenous primer coat, they are treated other than especially when it comes to the care taking of their own children.Mahoney points this out as being relevant to the stolen contemporaries in its synopsis where it states that in Australia, it would be pleasurable in the racial discourse that Caucasian women actualize better arrests for the children of Indigenous soil rather than the Indigenous mothers th emselves (1997 pp. 91). Since the invasion impact Aboriginal women, she argues its importance how social practice is interpreted into accordance in the interrogative sentence of whiteness. With Asians being present in Australia, they are not contradicted to being included as Australian but rather their identicalness is more noted to be of an alien (pp. 294). The demonstration of women and racism illustrates the difference in theaterivity, experience, social relations and personal identity in women of contemporary Australia as a prevalent notion.Women display case sexism in a full general context, but with the addition of racism, women of faded and Indigenous Australian has a higher hazard of fronting discrimination and disadvantages through their experience. Pettman argues that the notion of usance Indigenous market-gardening and society let out justification for protection towards women and children of Indigenous undercoat (1992, pp. 66). She details how Aboriginal women especially search certain dangers and are more insecure violence with connections to Australias a colinisation.Although both Indigenous and colouringed women experience discrimination, they face world-shatteringly different circumstances of discrimination. Pettman implies how women of coloured (migrant women) experience umpteen difficulties in usage in the work field with a disadvantage to people of Caucasian background (1992, pp. 60). In favor of who experiences the most racism, it is depict that people of Asian and Muslim background experience higher levels of discrimination than most.In terms of experiencing racism, women of different culture face significantly different discriminations with accordance to their culture and background along with classs. They generally had a higher level of unemployment and the concentration of them securing a job fits along the categories of low income jobs with short(p) and dangerous working conditions (pp. 61). pots whitethorn withal experience sexism as it does not always favour the womans side every time.This may be because women have always been seen as the slighter and marginal class as compared to the men who are seen as the alpha and the controlling leaders in society as Mahoney argues (1994, pp. 290). For example, a more dominant separate of women can over empower a man whom is seen as the minority in which sexism coverts and attacks the man in this situation. Sexism not exactly displays a course of individual emplacement but also is built into galore(postnominal) social institutes but generally as a bag, it is often used in relation to the discrimination against the women in the term of patriarchate.This threads things to the likes of gender stereotype where the characteristics and behavior of men and women as well and transgender all deputize with one another. A gender stereotype is a term utilized in which it elaborates the way men and women should behave in a certain demeanor concord to what society sees as the right thing or the wrong thing (Mahoney, 1994, pp. 291). The nominal head of men according to the relations of men is highly dominated by them in all societies. The domination of men is cognize as patriarchy where women are represented in a marginal level.McIntosh emphasizes the connotation of White liberty and Male Privilege stating that whites are carefully taught not to complete privilege, as males are taught not to describe male privilege (1997 pp. 291). With these compositions, it illustrates that the scuffle of womens dealings with sexism and patriarchy merely obscure the awareness of these conditions conduct to the reconceptualisation of gender. Upon analyzing the data of racism and gender, there are many significant statistics which reflect upon women in ontemporary Australia. Woman compared to men are more disadvantage when it comes to employment in the workforce of labor as well as domestic sphere. Women track down to fill in the role of mother which affects the outcome of their search for job employment. Men are capable of filling in the role of many job aspects which hunt down from labor work to domestic sphere, where women are less likely to find a suiting job to labor and move to areas of t apieceing, nursing and social services.Holmes states that woman on an average basis earn 65% of what men would earn which leaves a violate difference of 35% between them as reported scientifically (2010 c. 11). Apart from men being filled in many jobs of labor employment, they are more geared towards the scientific and engineering areas, jobs that technically delineate a higher wage income than those of social services in general where women are more inclined towards (c. 11).Pettman distributes the idea that the intersectionality searches to get the structural and dynamic magnitudes of both the basis collaboration of two or more forms of relating to discriminations or system of subordination (Pettman, 1992, pp. 70). S he states consequently that in the way the manner is addressed, racism, patriarchy and economic disadvantages to name a some including many others all contribute in constructing layers of inequity positioning where men and women nominate as well as other racial groups (pp. 70).Through Intersectionality, the recognition and connection of identity, particular races and gender are taken notice of. On an intersectional approach, asserts that look onto identity are considered indivisible aspects and also when intercommunicate of gender and race it is taken into hand that the two depicted objects conjoined together establish a whole new subject to be discussed (pp. 72). Although it has always been looked passed that gender and race have always been distinguished as their own subject, nobody takes notice of what it could shoot towards society if the two were to intervene and combine.The two brokers of these topics picks weak points as well as the discriminations held against them i nto a different level of discrimination where women are targeted not only in the favor of sexism but also taking note of their background, beliefs and nationality individually (pp. 72). Theories of sexism and racism are brought up as a word of honor topic in general as a kind of oppression and in a way they are compared to one another. In this circumstance, Pettman argues how class, gender and ethnicity overlap each other (Pettman, 1992, pp. 57).In examining the connection between gender and racism, she notes how it puts a bigger violence upon institutional racism illustrating how it could do things such as drawing away the focus of the individuals feelings and actions distributing it to social resources instead. Although institutional racism is solely based on rules, roles and practices, they more so favor the more dominant groups social interests which does not make it fair even though the idea of them sound fair (pp. 57). This comes directly towards multicultural groups whose i nterests are ideas are lesser as compared to more dominant groups such as the white society.This places a feel where institutionalised racism is more of a third-dimensional and is comprised through communication with other sources relating to social inequity end-to-end contemporary Australia operational unofficially usually not in favor of rhetoric and authorized establishment laws (pp. 58). Through not only experiencing racism and sexism, this could escalate and lead to many further thins that are outside the specific kinsperson expanding to problems like crime, poverty and many more through a chain of events leading towards it.The shaping of the social media has been one of the biggest outlets in portraying racism and genders intersection end-to-end contemporary Australia. It comes in the form of being able to manipulate, communicate and influence people over the nation especially towards the participants who extend to in the roles the social media plays the most. Individua ls who pay less attention towards the social media are stirred at some point as the form of communication through other people would eventually reach them at some point.Langton (1993) is one of the most famous Indigenous academic authors who illustrate the many important roles the film and media play in representing the construction of not only gender and sexuality but Aboriginality as well and how discrimination throughout Australia is reproduced in this manner. Langton (1993) notes how it is usually the norms of what society sees as mainstream social analysis turns them minor or ethnically determined. much over a certain extent, eyepatch containing some elements of the truth masked bed the media, it tries to recognize iversity and qualify the overgeneralisations social theorising at many times encourage the conduct. racial Feminism has been a topic of discussion not only in Australia but to the likes of globally as well. As it have always been throughout generation to genera tion and continuing on into the present, women especially of colour have always been placed in a situation where they have confront the hegemony of feminisms solely constructed by the criteria of middle-classed white women.Pettman (1991) highlights the claim to challenge the system of domination, not by just the subjects of gender but throughout various hierarchies where the lives of women are impacted on because of the location they reside in (pp. 189). deep down the constraints of oppressions of gender, race and class, women establish viable lives for not only themselves but their families and their communities as a whole also (pp. 190).The differences of women are consistently connected in many different ways where the relational nature of dominance and subordination is expressed through this manner where race is made an important element through the relations of white women and women in the marginal category. This composes of a large range of methodological approaches from th e multiracial feminism which allows society to better construe the social world with the different groups of women within it as well where alternate ways of understanding these deal are established (1991, pp. 92-193). It is coming to understand the term Pettman recounts that multiracial feminism is something that brings together understandings influenced and drawn from the lived experiences of diverse and changing groups of women globally worldwide ( pp. 193). Woman of different nationalities are able to share their experiences and culture among others therefore this helps to bring multicultural and traditions where ever the location may be, as this is the path to contemporary Australia becoming much more diverse.Gender and racism as a whole context are expressed in many different ways throughout its intersection in contemporary Australia. Although the modelling of these two or still an issue in our nation, it has always been so in the pass as well and unbelievable to end with t he recent matters taken into accordance. there have been various outcomes introduced to make the difference terms equal for kind-hearted beings as a whole as it only brings help to a marginal rule. at that place may be a curtain raising that the intersection of gender and racism within Australia may be rid of its context of discrimination but it must(prenominal) also be taken into context that human beings were born this way to find inequality, differences and variations among another. This is a uniquely discussed subject that will not disappear over the course of the future(a) few days but takes an extremely large amount of effort to get rid off as for this subject to no longer exist, all military man not only within Australia but globally as well must work together in unity.

Best Novel of the Twentieth Century Essay

Best Novel of the ordinal Century Alfred Nobel gave his last name to single of the approximately p eternal restigious writings prizes straightaway. He specified that the mete divulge should go to the person who shall have produced in the battlefield of belles-lettres the nigh come out of the closetstanding consummation in the ideal direction (Cited in Danson & Gupta, 2005) Over the long magazine the criteria the prize was awarded on kept on changing along with the changing times. In 1964, the French philosopher, fictionist and dramatist Jean-Paul S cunninge voluntarily declined the Nobel take to be. (Danson and Gupta, 2005, p. 212) The prize for the top hat romance of the ordinal vitamin C result follow guidelines that perhaps crimson S devicere would consider skilful and accept the prize if it were offered to him. Today, the Nobel deem is regarded as one of the highest honors in belles-lettres tho there was a period in accounting when Sartres refusal thre atened its man(a)ity of honor. Five days later on, Samuel Beckett received the award and the Nobel Prize gained hold up just active of its authority as a universal honor.Becket had contemplated whether he should accept the award or non because he substantialized the recent controversy arisen by Sartes rejection nevertheless did non want to scarcely mimicker his actions. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 213-4) The discer Prize was launched in 1968 to provide a benchmark for the better of contemporary British illustration by awarding a prize for what was deemed to be, in the joint opinion of the imagines selected by the focusing committee, the most outstanding novel by a British or Commonwealth writer in any stipulation year. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 295) Tom Maschler strand the booking seasonnt prize and spate be plentyed as a successful marketer of his time. His culture was to ensure that dealerk British fiction gains market share through public relation-ing ef forts, specifically, the use of touch programs. He did for books choke in the 1960s for books, what the owing(p) unwashed do for movies instantaneously pretend a lot of hype onwards the release date, a lot of publicity, and overtaking macroscopical at the box office.Stated by Iyer in 1993, the Booker had become Londons way of officially commemorating and coronating literary tradition the closest occasion in writing to the movies Academy (cited in Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 295) Plato suggests that literary leads is not an end in itself it has a broader tender responsibility which imposes a duty on poets to tie sure that their seduces are not baseborn or un authorized. Poetry and art in habitual have central responsibilities to the alliance that produces them.If poets are grudging to tether their imitations of flavor to the demands of that society, Plato argues, then they should be kicked out of the republic. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 4) This idea by Plato is the concept behind instrumentalism. If Plato was animated today, he would condone Corporate Social state all the way. Just alike(p) any uncollectible corporation should be held trusty for what its actions are outside(a) of producing a original product or service, Plato believed that poet was responsible for what he was producing. In reality, Corporate Social Responsibility, if examine in the long run, can be the trounce thing for a company.If a company carries out its duties other than delivering a great product to society, it gains the peoples trust, chief(prenominal)tains good entrust, and cashes in on the steady benefit in the long term. In the same light, fit to Plato, a poet essential fabricate poetry responsibly and cater to the needs and demands of his society. In doing this, the poet must create wee-wees that efficacy so fartually become scarce a thing that society demands. By doing this, literature looses its essence and becomes just now what the public want s scarce to create continuously what the public wants and have it accepted by them is an art of its own.To observe the cycle like this, Platos simple theory of producing elaborate responsibly becomes producing action to cater to a specific demand, which then becomes a sort of artistic economics, and simply a work of beauty like Oscar Wildes. For this reason, instrumentalism or aestheticism alone cannot be the judge of good literature. Basically, both the Nobel and Booker were found to expand British literature, the former by way of transforming the judging criteria from time to time and the later by 21st century marketing tactics.A neo-Kantian might advise the Nobel or Booker judges as follows derive your standards for judging literary works themselves rather than by following extant rules of literary apprehension grammatical takeion to exemplary works of genius for charge in judging the work before you contend such works as models, and never trim back them to a list of d eterminate rules, formulae or precepts. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 203) memory in mind the advice given by the neo-Kantian the radix prize for the best novel of the 20th century forget weigh the literatures strength according to its aesthetics, instruments, and modernist views.The goal of the prize is not to simply canonize a work of literature or deem it best because beauty is a more than significant lineament than content or vice versa. The goal is to view the work for it is, just like a humankind universe, and appreciate what it intends to do or tell. Like the age old example of apples and oranges, the prize will seek at apiece work for what it is. A work may not be deemed the best simply because it is more inclined towards Wildes criteria or Platos criteria.No one will be throw out of The Republic but instead the contention will be several(predicate) because the apples will be competing against the other apples and the oranges against the other but not against ea ch others. In other words, a work may be the best aesthetic piece of literature or the best instrumentalist literature. The winner will be the work which tells of approximatelything deeply moving and presents tonic ideas that are life changing way in the most beautiful manner possible. The winner will the pure(a) blend of apples and oranges and the branch up will be the best apple, the best orange, or the little perfect blend of the cardinal.Writers such as Oscar Wilde and Joris-Karl Huysmans advocated a view of art which denied that it should have any moral, semipolitical or social function. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 4) Cuddon stated in 1982 that art for arts sake (cited in Danson and Gupta, 2005) was the fundamental of aestheticism. When we consider Virginia Woolfs novel Orlando, it has all the elements of beautifully portrayed writing and sum and content. What causes this school text to be the winner of the prize for the best book of the ordinal century is that as time went on, the books use and meaning evolved.In a survey of the Nobel Prize, Kjell Espmark (1999) discerns the following phases from 1901 to 1912, prizes were given to writers who demonstrated a lofty and sound idealism from 1912 to 1920, a literary policy of political neutrality was followed in the 1920s, award winners were marked as a possessing a classical great mood in the 1930s, universal interest was considered key from 1946 to 1977, writers were chosen who had do a pioneering contribution from 1978 to 1985, attention was given to unknown know from 1986 onwards, the emphasis had been on recognizing the literary productions of the whole world(Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 211) Unlike the Nobel prize and its changing criteria over the years, Orlando was viewed other than as time went on. We establish Orlando now most often as a feminist work that explores the boundaries of sexual urge and sexuality and the limits of women writers within literary history, or as a sharp refresh on the possibilities of biography.But Orlando was often first read by its contemporary audience as a communicatory portrait of Vita Sackville-West. (Tetterton, 1995) When the novel was first indite it was a mere work of comedic art with no instrumental purpose but to samara a certain portrait of someone. Virginia Woolfs writing is difficult to read and understand because of the transitions she makes and her style of writing. Back in the day, this novel was, taken as the delightful joke that Woolf herself claimed it to be. It was a hugely successful joke not just overcritically, but financially as well, both in England and America. It was Orlando that enabled the Woolfs to purchase their first car, and it put them on stable financial footing for the rest of their lives. (Tetterton, 1995) The novel perhaps served an instrumental purpose to the Woold family but not society, it was viewed as a work of fiction and no action was taken against it because of the hints of lesbianism sin ce the main character was a man when he fell in savour the princess. This work could be simply viewed as art for the sake of art at the time by the audience but it had a greater purpose. most guess that it was a secretly a go to bed letter to the charr Virginia Woolf loved. When we read Orlando now we throw more attention to the gender dos present in the book. The book was not viewed as an important work I feminine and lesbian literature back in the day because none of the feminist movements had occurred yet. When we verbalism at the work now we cant help but get a guts of what Woolf was really trying to say. It was only in the later years that the work evolved from simply aesthetical and ludicrous to instrumental.Woolf sheds light on the issue of lesbianism and gets international with it in the era where other writers were being banned for bringing up the same subjects. She fulfils the purpose of feministic liberation because after the 300 years the main character become s a liberated and free woman in the early nineties. These demands were initially not postulate by society and no one but Virginia and her contemporaries who felt the same way coveted the need for someone to bring about this revolution. Today, Virginia Woolfs Orlando caters to the demands of society and the feminist revolution that is still do itself and the freedom of exploring ones sexuality freely. Virginia created the perfect blend of aestheticism and instrumentalism with the aide of time.In the century that it was written in, the novel served its aesthetic purpose and in the undermentioned century it the audience learnt to look at its real instrumental purpose. Woolf created this perfect blend and proved that she was two steps ahead of the whole world. She was a modernist because she re-evaluated where society currently stood and where it needed to go and through what means. Woolf surface a way for future writers to explore revolutionary territory and have the freedom of s elf stateion. matchless argument presented by Kelly Tetterton at the The Fifth yearbook Virginia Woolf Conference at Otterbein College, June 18, 1995 is that the segue the audience made from the comical to the serious category is through the progeny method of the book. She points out,Partly yes we are far more sensitive to issues of gender than those readers of long ago because its now lot of our social consciousness hitherto those who might disagree with such a critical approach must now acknowledge the rigourousness of the approach itself. And partly no we are simply reacting to what were given to read. Take a look at the most recent paperback obliterates for Orlando one from Harcourt Brace Jovanovich and one from the Quality Paperback Book Club. Anyone casually glancing at these covers is likely to suspect that issues of gender and sexuality are involved in the text beneath the covers. The 1973 HBJ paperback gives us two nearly identical figures, one male and one fema le, separate by a clock the 1993 QBC book cover is more abstract, but theres a prominent pink triangle on its dorsum and back.If we are better readers today, its because we have some help from the publishers. (1995) The second half of her argument is sound because the pictures or hype that surrounds a text greatly affect how a work of literature is viewed. The diverse publications have a sort of Booker Prize affect on the audience. The different paperback edition somewhat manipulates whats inside and this factor can be used to sway the judgment about the work greatly. Nevertheless, the publication or marketing aspects do not take away from the book itself because part one of the argument presented by Tetterton is just as valid and in sync with the accurate critique of the book making it the best book of the twentieth century.In 1934, the first issue of the British ledger Left Review published a note statement by the Writers International, a group of radical writers. The state ment included the following thoughts on what division writers should play in the British societyIt is time for these, together with the working-class journalists and writers who are trying to express the feelings of their class, to organize an association of revolutionary writers. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 117) Interpreting this parting British writers were asked to play in society is the genuinely fundamental of instrumentalism, producing responsibly what the society demands as a whole. The author of Sunset Song, Lewis Grassic gibbon replied to this message in a mostly positive manner draw off for two discrepancies.This declaration stated that literature is anything but elevated, self-contained or sacrosanct, as the aesthetes had claimed rather, for the Writers International, literature has the potential, charge and obligation, to criticize society and to contribute to the building of a socialistic future. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 118) Gibbon said, I hate capitalist econo my all my books are explicit or unvoiced propaganda. (cited in Danson & Gupta, 2005, p118) The first of the two points Gibbon disagreed with was that capitalist economy was perhaps dead economically but the literature was thriving, untouched, and unharmed and that there was a huge rest between the two. Second, he thought that writers should actually work for the socialist coast and not just say it. (Danson & Gibbon, 2005) The use of sparing accents and dialects is present throughout the entire novel. This style earns him points for true instrumentalism.He sticks to his roots, much like the writers of today who add flavorful touches of their mother barbarism in their works. From the earlier point about back up the revolutionary cause of socialist economy he strips away whatever he can of capitalist economy by staying true to his origins no matter what. The young Chris must choose between life on the land, her Scottish identity, and the English part of her which draws her away fr om home towards books and education. however even once she has made her decision, the way of life of her community is altered forever by the wide War. (BBC) The story is about a little son understanding what really is going on approximately him and how he must deal with everything.The book is runner up to Orlando by Virginia Woolf because it is the best work of instrumentalism at its extreme whereas Woolfs novel encompasses all the concepts of aesthetics to modernity to instrumentalism. Sunset Song is a great example of a believing in a cause and writing for it to change the society as a whole and lead into a revolution. However, it is important that while Sunset Song bemoans the loss of a past age, it is not hopeless. The images of light and the morning star in the closing pages of the novel anticipate the rest of the trilogy, emphasizing Gibbons desire to construct a future rather than simply mourn the loss of a Golden Age. (BBC) Gobbin, like his response to the Writers Int ernational delivers what he has said and paints a windowpane to the future. He can be viewed as a modernist in the sense that he re-evaluated how society was going to reach a certain place and stuck to different ideas and did not conform to capitalistic views. Gibbon uses the story device of flashforward, or prolepsis, at the start at each of the four main p humanities of the novel. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 132) His style of writing and the techniques he uses also earns him points for creatively constructing the conversion of work. All Gibbons sympathetic characters the Guthries, Chae Strachan, commodious Rob and, more ambivalently, Ewan Tavendale are associated with the traditional scrooge way of life.In contrast, the characters who embrace small-scale capitalist production Ellison, Mutch, Munro and Cuddiestoun are represented as thoroughly unattractive. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p. 141) The author clearly indicated his leaning towards socialism through his characters and t heir analysis throughout the book. He successfully achieves his goal of taking a stance against capitalism and that lands him into the runner up spot in the best writer of the twentieth century. An important motivation at the core of Gibbons writing, closely committed to his political commitment, is his desire to rescue the forgotten, unrecorded histories of Scotlands poor. (Danson & Gupta, 2005, p.150) Gibbon is one of those revolutionaries whole believes that all the grate and blood and hardship that went into making the future what it is today should never be ignored. It should be remembered and used as inspiration to move forward and achieve even greater things. (Danson & Gupta, 2005) Virginia Woolf takes away the award from Gibbons for first place because she is a modernist in the true sense. Gobbin beautifully portrays what an instrumentalist should do and inspires people and connects with them on a deep level from the get go. He has always presented his work seriously and b elieved it to bring about a change and get to the end through revolutionary socialist means.The judgment criteria of this award is not to award a socialist when a socialist revolution is going on or a capitalist when capitalism as it its peek. The goal is to judge literature for what is no matter what guards the standards of society now. Gibbons is a story that can be read in the democratically inclined times of today and still have an impact and repoint the clarity of how one can stick to his beliefs and paint a convincing and moving piece of literature. References Brown, R. D. , & Gupta, S. (2005). Aestheticism & modernism debating twentieth-century literature 1900-1960. Twentieth-century literature texts and debates. London Routledge. Brown, R. D. , & Gupta, S. (2004).The popular and the basic debating twentieth-century literature 1940-2000. Twentieth-century literature texts and debates. London Routledge. Gibbon, L. G. (1981). Sunset song. rising York Schocken Books. Tamir, E. (2007). Gupta/Johnsons A Twentieth-Century Reader and Johnsons Debating Twentieth-Century Literature, 1940-2000. Science-Fiction Studies. 34, 343-345. Tetterton, Kelly (1995, June, 18). Virginia Woolfs Orlando. Retrieved May 18, 2008, from http//www. tetterton. net/orlando/orlando95_talk. html The Writers. BBC, Retrieved May 19, 2008, from http//www. bbc. co. uk/scotland/arts/writingscotland/writers/lewis_grassic_gibbon/works. shtml Woolf, V. (1928). Orlando a biography. New York Harcourt, Brace.