Sociology of Mass Media

Sociology of mass media – Advertising and democracy are connected. People are required by their political system to hold individual opinions. In addition, people look at the mass media for information on political matters. Therefore, they looked for information from the news, political debates, and political advertising so that they could evaluate their leaders and vote on public policy. – In covering a political campaign, the media choose which issues or topics to emphasize, thereby setting the campaign’s agenda.Therefore, the media create an agenda setting; the ability to affect cognitive change among individuals by telling people what to think about, not what to think. This would then influence Quebec voters’ decisions. – Political Advertising and campaign coverage would have an impact on Quebec voters in influencing their decisions by including these into their campaigns: †¢Patriotism: The ad stresses the candidate’s love of and serv ice to his/her country. †¢Gender: The ad presents the candidate as appropriately â€Å"manly† (or feminine) to make viewers trust him/her. Facts and Figures: The ad uses facts and statistics to support the candidate’s policies. †¢Issues: Reporters need to push for details on positions and ask tough questions on major issues, not accepting generalities. They need to bounce one candidate’s position off other candidates to create an intelligent discussion forum from which voters can make informed choices †¢Depth: On talk-show appearances, reporters need to offer something more than what voters can see and hear for themselves.Analysis and depth add a fresh dimension that is not redundant to what the audience already knows. †¢Inside coverage: reporters need to cover the machinery of the campaigns: who runs things and how, what history do they bring to a campaign. – Voters would be influenced by these presented campaign coverage and would us e these to make a decisive vote.

Women Combat Roles

WI agree with the Joint Chiefs of Staff’s allowance of women to be in combat position. I find it a little sexist that women were denied the chance to not have combat roles. In the article, â€Å"Pentagon Removes Ban on Women in Combat† by Ernesto Londono of The Washington Post, it says, â€Å"Panetta announced a lifting of the ban on female service members in combat roles, a watershed policy change that was informed by women’s valor in Iraq and Afghanistan and that removes the remaining barrier to a fully inclusive military. † I think that women are just as capable as men.Even if their bodies aren’t built as strong and men, they have determination and can do so many things, even better than some men. The army currently excludes women from about 25 percent of active-duty roles. The article says that, â€Å"The decision comes after a decade of counterinsurgency missions in Iraq and Afghanistan, where women demonstrated heroism on battlefields with no front lines. † To me this is proving the point that women are just as capable with men. Women are just as much as heroes as men are and just as inspiring, if not more.The Army and the marines are going to present their plans to open most jobs to women by May 15. I really think that this is an excellent idea. As the article says, it’s â€Å"monumental. † I absolutely agree. â€Å"Every time equality is recognized and meritocracy is enforced, it helps everyone, and it will help professionalize the force. † I agree that the force will be more professional with women in combat roles and not just men. Of course this announcement has created a lot of critics and lots of skeptics.The article says, â€Å"Critics of opening combat positions to women have argued for years that integration during deployments could create a distracting, sexually charged atmosphere in the force that women are unable to perform some of the more physically demanding jobs. † I say that is sexist. Women are emotionally and physically strong. They may not be able to bench press the amount that men can but they can do a whole lot and the combat roles would be very lucky to have them. If they want to dedicate their time/life to the military then let them.In the article it says, â€Å"Lifting the ban will go a long way toward changing the culture of a male dominated institution in which women have long complained about discrimination and a high incidence of sexual assault. † I think throughout history, women’s rights have been a serious issue. If they let women fight on combat roles, it would do wonders that would go down in history. Another thing the article says is, â€Å"’I’ve served with women at all levels, and based on my experience, women have done a phenomenal job,’ said the officer. Women are phenomenal, I agree. They can do amazing things, just as much as men. It’s important that the military doesn’t low er their standards of what’s acceptable and not and they address this in the article when they say, â€Å"It is critical that we maintain the same high standards that have made the American military the most feared and admired fighting force in the world. † I think that women can reach these high standards and perform them just as well. I agree with the Joint Chiefs of Staff’s position to allow women in have a role in combat positions.

Enterotube case study Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Enterotube case study - Lab Report Example Within 3 hours the patient suffered from severe vomiting, feelings of nausea and diarrhea. He also felt consistent abdominal cramps. He had developed mild fever while being admitted. This is a clear case of food poisoning since no other symptoms are visible. No other complication developed. However since several species of bacteria can cause food poisoning it is important to accurately point out the causal microbe for proper treatment approach. In order to reach a proper diagnostic conclusion several tests needs to be conducted to accurately identify the exact species of the pathogenic bacteria responsible for causing the symptoms in the patient. The Enterotube IITM System has been used to help in identification since several evaluations have shown that the system is both simple to use and rapid for analysis of bacterial species (Martin et al, 1971, p.96).It is a pre-packaged diagnostic tool used for identification of Gram Negative bacteria in Enterobactericeae family. Even though the procedure is less reliable than conventional molecular methods yet the advantage of using this system lies in the fact that all the tests can be done simultaneously using just one single colony (Grunberg et al, 1969, p.207). After proper scoring and calculation it can be said accurately that the causal microorganism is S.aureus. S.aureus is a fairly common bacterium found o skin and in noses of even healthy individuals (CDC, 2014).The severity of the food poisoning developed depends on the amount of food ingested.This bacterium is primarily spread through food especially when food is handled under unsanitary conditions. Since patient is a growing child no medical intervention will necessary at this stage. However, rest and intake of large amounts of fluid is absolutely essential for proper

Information Technology Trends Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Information Technology Trends - Research Paper Example Antà ³n, P. S., Silberglitt, R., & Schneider, J. (2001).  The Global Technology Revolution: Bio/Nano/Materials Trends and Their Synergies with Information Technology by 2015. This work comprises the most important issues of information technology development. Technological trends, such as information processing, practical implications of false memories, recognition and other phenomena. The most important fact is that people are able to design robots, information systems and other innovations may be developed on the basis of new developments in information technology. Bednarzik, R. W. (2005). Restructuring Information Technology: Is Offshoring a Concern? Employment Trends by Industry and Occupation Suggest That Offshoring in the Information Technology Sector Occurs, but Not to a Great Extent.  Monthly Labor Review, 128(8), 11+. The role of modern trends in information technology is important for international employees. Therefore, a reconsideration of information technology’s role in professional experience of every employee is of crucial concern. When combining trends of globalization and information technology development, it is evident that white-collar services are of the utmost importance nowadays. It is underlined that employees’ training in information technology innovations requires huge costs, but making investments into this sphere is very important for any international company. Godwin-Jones, R. (2008). Emerging Technologies Mobile-Computing Trends: Lighter, Faster, Smarter.  Language, Learning & Technology, 12(3), 3+. This article is focused on a specific issue of mobile computing field’s developments. In this are, such trends as advanced usability, faster networking are of great concern. The developments of modern iPhones from Apple, Google-led Android phones indicate a high level of competitiveness in the field of mobile computing. Thus, this article is interesting and many

Distinction Between Leadership in Educational Organisation and Essay

Distinction Between Leadership in Educational Organisation and Business Organisation - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that leadership has been an aspect of human civilization from time immemorial and has been exercised in ruling tribes to nations and in winning wars and facing adversities of natural disasters. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the ability to influence individuals and groups to work toward attaining organizational objectives†. While leadership, in general, remains essentially an influencing process, the styles of leadership vary greatly and to suit the different situations and follower profiles. While different schools of thoughts extend different views on leadership, they are grouped under four wide categories of trait, behavioral, situational and transformational theories. Trait theories believe that leaders have specific qualities and characteristics in them that make them a leader. Subsequently, leadership studies turned to leaders’ actions and behaviors. Leadership studies evolved further to accommodate the idea of situation al aspects that required different leadership styles. Alternative approaches have emerged in the form of Transformational vs. transactional approach. In order to compare and contrast the different styles of leadership adopted by two leaders in two different organizations, a leader in an educational organization – Principal of Washington Elementary School and CEO of Slim Line Limited – an apparel manufacturing International Joint Venture of MAST Industries USA have been interviewed.

In what ways did industrialization create new opportunities for women Essay - 1

In what ways did industrialization create new opportunities for women How and why were these opportunities limited - Essay Example portunities increased for women in terms of domestic manufacturing, employment opportunities for women started to decline from the 1880s until after the Second World War as the employment opportunities became related to the stagnating textile industry. Agriculture, domestic services, and manufacturing had started to contract in this phase. Change of the industry’s structure toward such heavy industries as metallurgy, machines, and mining signified a decrease in the work for married women workers. Although the government was not controlled by socialism until the 1917 Russian revolution, yet many governments were forced to target the industrial society’s abuses, as a result of which the parliament prohibited women’s underground employment e.g. â€Å"many women had worked in coal mines as "drawers" in which they pulled carts of coal from the mines with straps attached to their shoulders† (â€Å"The Industrial Revolution†). By 1914, certain new protest outlets including feminism and new work roles emerged for women. New standards and ideas brought important changes in the home (Stearns et

Capital Budget Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Capital Budget - Assignment Example The trucks will also ensure that we can handle all requests for garbage collection. It will eventually lead to a conducive, clean environment in River County. River County residents have echoed out their views of having better roads in the county. River County needs all weather roads constructed all over because of the varying weather condition experienced in the area. As of (Finkler, 2013, p. 32) good governance involves better infrastructure. I have budgeted $240,000 for the purchase of two bulldozers. The expected lifetime for the bulldozers is eight year. The bulldozers will make road and other construction projects in the next eight years simpler. A better the infrastructure will bring development in River County. The two bulldozers may also be used in the building of government projects in the County. River County houses three international stadiums. It is the county’s responsibility to keep the stadiums in excellent conditions. The government offices located in the area also require to be well maintaining. It is because of these factors that I included two lawn mowers in my budget. The two go for a combined total of $48,000. The expected lifetime of the lawnmowers is five years. $48000 will be the ideal spending if the two can service the county for five years. Properly maintained stadiums will encourage the sports sector in the county. If the sports sector is improved, a lot of people will turn up in the stadiums and pay for the service through the purchase of tickets. Properly maintained government compounds will keep the environment clean (Finkler, 2013, p. 32). A lot of the people living in River County are self-employed. The residents would love a centre set up that would offer the grounds for growing their businesses. Centralization of all the counties enterprises and activities would be a significant step towards the growth of the county. The business centre would also bring in some good relationship among the residents of

A comparative analysis between Franklins Caf and Caffe Nero Assignment

A comparative analysis between Franklins Caf and Caffe Nero - Assignment Example The analysis is done mainly with respect to the two important topics relevant in the organizations. The topics discussed are done mainly on the basis of the case study that helps to answer question like which one of the two organizations would one prefer to be a customer and an employee. This essay paper not only states which organization one would want to be an employee and a customer, but also states the reasons behind the decision one makes. In order to make a decision it is very important to study the topics relevant to the organizations like the organizational communication, cultures prevalent, power and control, design and structure, politics and resistance, conflict etc. The topics here are discussed according to the various organizational and management theories. Organization analysis and behavior is a very important topic of study in the context of management. Organizational analysis is a process which is used to study the performance and the efficiency of an organization by studying the systems and the functionality that is existent in the organization. Organizational analysis leads to the understanding of the organizational behavior which involves the study of the organizational design and culture that is prevalent in the organization. ... The cafe has a very strong employee base and has around 3000 employees in the firm. The main intention and philosophy behind the establishment of the cafe is to provide a cozy and warm atmosphere towards its customers. The firm considers its linchpin of the brand as its coffee and also states that its highly committed employees are another great strength. One of the main reasons behind the committed employees is that they make the best choice of employees from world over. Similarly, the management of the Caffe takes an interest in the recreational activities of their employees. The Caffe is conscious about the health of its customers and provides the nutritional chart which allows the customer to weight the coffee options available to them. The cafe is also environment conscious which is understood through its efforts to recycle wastes in the cafe. Franklin’s Cafe: Franklin’s Cafe was started in 2006 by Fiona and Henry Owen as a small coffee shop but very soon it was se gregated into two business groups with one on the Franklin street and the other on the College street. Fiona and Henry along with the management and leadership skills of their son Ed initiated new, less expensive steps to manage both the cafes. At the present, they serve not only the customers with coffee but under the Franklin brand they also sell to their customers tasty foods like Ciabattas, salt beef, soups, cakes, ice creams etc. Their main tagline is the food, which have the authentic Franklin taste and are affordable by most of the customers. Another main strength of the Franklin’ brand is that they provide both drinks as well as snacks under the single name of Franklin. There are separate staffs, who take care about the food that needs to be supplied and in

Simple Gift Essay Example for Free

Simple Gift Essay The novel ‘the simple gift’ is written by Steven Herrick. He describes three main characters in this book. This book is about one 16 year old boy called Billy, he run away from his house and meets other main characters, Old Bill and Caitlin. Each of there characters received a gifts. Billy is a 16 year old boy. In Billy’s life his father is an alcoholic and is very mean to him. Billy always wants someone who looks after him and then he can learn how to care. This became true when he runs away from his father and meets Old Bill. Old Bill is like a loving father figure to him. So he considered the friendship with Old Bill as a gift. When he stays in the carriage he felt that this is the home for him and Old Bill is his only family. Old Bill is an alcoholic man. He lost his wife and his daughter Jessie. Which makes him a hopeless man and he started drinking to getaway for the suffering (pg.95~98)†I lifted the glass and downed it in tone ignorant gulp and I called for another as all thoughts of truth and beauty washed from my mind†. Old Bill lives in a carriage. Even though he has his own house with a big backyard but he still doesn’t want to live in the house with no one else but himself living in it, with no one else care about him, even himself. This has changed when he met Billy. Every morning Billy brought him breakfast with a bowl of milk and Weet-Bix (pg.76)† Every morning that kid has woken me with Weet-Bix.†, spent time talking with him, and Billy also tried to stop him from drinking heavily. (pg.77, 136)† This kid’s going to turn me into a health. He brought out the ginger beer I swore and laughed.† Caitlin is nearly 18 year old. She works at McDonald’s as a part time hob, to get out of her house (pg.36~37)†I can leave home and that’s why I work at McDonald’s and mop floors.† She’s rich, she had everything she wants but she needs a lover (pg.88)† I know what I really need and it’s not in my bedroom. And it’s not able to be bought in any damn store†. She wants to have a good time with someone she likes. When she met Billy, she had a romantic love experience. They shared food with each other and when she had a lover, her life was perfect (pg.135)†what can I say, it was like stepping into heaven, no less than perfect†. Steven Herrick describes three main characters. Characters offered each other gifts and their gifts had changed each other’s future and are making their life perfect.

Beh 225 Assignment Diagnosis and Treatment Essay Example for Free

Beh 225 Assignment Diagnosis and Treatment Essay Assignment: Diagnosis and Treatment Beh 225 July 10, 2011 Assignment: Diagnosis and Treatment According to the American Psychiatric Association, there is a fifteen percent prevalence of mental disorders in the United States. Bipolar disorder, also known as manic-depressive, is a mental disorder. Symptoms of bipolar disorder include extreme highs and extreme lows with periods of normal mood in between. Manic symptoms are being extremely active, talkative, distractible, unlimited hopes with no follow through, aggression, hostility, and violence. Depressive symptoms are feeling overwhelmed and worthless, loss of interest, insomnia, loss of concentration, and suicidal thoughts. Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death in the United States. Roughly, 29,000 people commit suicide each year. Bipolar Disorder can create marital and occupational problems as well as financial dismay. Mood disorders are thought to be caused by nature and nurture. Biological factors that may lead to a bipolar episode are chemical imbalances in the brain, hormonal imbalances, and inherited traits. Physiological factors that may lead to a bipolar episode include maladaptive cognitive distortions. The text defines this as â€Å"an illogical and maladaptive response to early negative life events that leads to feelings of incompetence and worthlessness that are reactivated whenever a new situation arises that resembles the original events. † (Morris and Maisto,2005) Studies suggest that women are two to three times more likely to have a mood disorder than men. Being diagnosed with bipolar disorder is a lifelong and reoccurring illness. There are different types of bipolar disorder. The symptoms of bipolar I are severe mood swings from manic to depressive that lasts at least seven days. Bipolar II occurs when mood swings are less manic, or hypomania, and shift back to depressive. When one’s symptoms are not determined to be either of these the disorder is called bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. These symptoms are not as fierce as the I and II characterization. Cyclothymiacs is a mild form of bipolar disorder. These milder forms of symptoms continue to shift over the course of two or more years. When a person has four or more episodes a year they are referred to as a rapid cycler. Although the onset of this disorder usually occurs in the twenties and thirties some children are also diagnosed. Children are more likely to be diagnosed early if they have two parents with the disorder. The child’s odds increase up to seventy-five percent in some cases. Many bipolar patients self medicate with drugs and alcohol. This action can trigger or prolong the symptoms. Bipolar disorder patients are at a higher risk for many diseases. These diseases include heart disease, diabetes, obesity, migraines, and thyroid disease. When one suspects they have bipolar disorder, a doctor needs to be consulted. The doctor will perform a physical examination, interview the patient, and order testing. There is no test for bipolar disorder but these tests will rule out other ailments. After reviewing all tests and lab reports a mental health evaluation will be preformed. Family history will be taken as well as interviewing the family of said patient. Bipolar patients tend to seek help in the depressive state rather than the manic state. This disorder is treated with medications and psychotherapies. Over the course of treatment, several medicines may be tested. The first choice of treatment is a mood stabilizer. The FDA approved lithium in the 70’s for treatment of mania. In 1995, the FDA in treating mania approved depakote. Recently, the FDA in treating bipolar disorder approved an anticonvulsive medication. Anti convulsive medicines are lamictal, neurontin, topomax, and trileptal. Atypical antipsychotic, or second generation, medicines are also used occasionally. These medicines are zyprexa, abilify, seroquel, risperdal, and geodon. These medications relieve sudden and severe mania symptoms. Anti depressants are used in treating the depressive side of bipolar disorder. Prozac, paxil, Zoloft, and wellbutrin are all examples of anti depressants. Mild side effects to medicines include headache, rashes, and heartburn. These side effects usually go away as one get used to taking the medicine. Serious side effects can occur, as with any medicine, such as tardive dyskinesia. This is uncontrollable muscle movement, usually around the mouth, that needs to be discussed with a doctor. In addition to medication, psychotherapy is recommended. These therapies include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and social rhythm therapy.

TESCOS NEIGHBOURHOOD MARKET ENTERS UNITED STATES

TESCOS NEIGHBOURHOOD MARKET ENTERS UNITED STATES The world economy has evolved from isolation from each other by barriers to cross-border activities wherein distance is no longer an issue due to advances in transportation and telecommunication technology. Moreover, it is noted that material culture is starting to look similar as national economies are merging into an interdependent and integrated global economic system (Friedman, 2005). All these processes are linked and referred to globalisation. The impact of globalisation has encouraged companies to expand its operation across its home country in order to compete in the challenging market environment. As one of the leader in the retail industry, Tesco PLC (Tesco) has taken advantage of the current environment by moving into the United States (US) for expansion purposes. The report will analyse Tescos strategy in the US by analysing the impact of globalisation towards the industry, evaluating the reasons and strategy for internationalisation, the effect and challenges faced in regards to the internalisation exercise. Description of Tesco Tesco is a United Kingdom (UK) based international supermarket chain, which has the largest global sales and domestic market share sales. Based on its revenue, the company is the third largest retailer in the world next to Wal-Mart and Carrefour (Data Monitor, 2010). The key to Tescos success is based on its low prices, high quality products and experienced customer service which overall has lead to continuing growth of profit to the company. In 2006, Tesco announced its plan to enter the US market by opening small size grocery stores named Fresh Easy Neighbourhood Market (Fresh and Easy). Tesco has selected the less aggressive market location on the west coast, California, Nevada, and Arizona to avoid the highly competitive market. The store has started its operation together with the distribution centres in 2007. Based on the latest financial report in 2009, it was noted that Fresh and Easy is currently trading at loss. Tescos competitive advantage According to Teece, Pisano and Shuen (1997), the success of a company highly depend on the uniqueness of the companys resources and capabilities in creating competitive advantages. The two main perspectives in the Resource-Based View (RBV) are the internal analysis of phenomena within an organisation and external analysis of the industry and its competitive environment (Collis and Montgomery, 1995; Eisenhardt and Martin, 2000). The resources and capabilities are evaluated in terms of value, rarity, inimitability and organisation (Barney, 1995). Furthermore, Carpenter and Sanders (2009:103) suggest that in turn for a company to gain competitive advantage, it should possess resources and capabilities that are valuable, rare, inimitable, non-substitutable and exploitable (VRINE model). The value of the resources and capabilities interacts with the market sources and will differ based on time and industry. The three fundamental market forces; scarcity, demand and appropriability determines the value of the resources and capabilities (Collis and Montgomery, 1995). To answer the question of value, organisation could evaluate whether its available resources and capabilities are meeting the market demand. As for Tesco, it relies on its brand, supply chain capabilities, store location and varied product offering wherein all these components have satisfied the value requirement, as it has been able to meet the demand in the grocery market. For instance, the company has a strong brand image that is associated with good quality, trustworthy goods that represent excellent value (Data Monitor, 2010). Resources and capabilities owned by Tesco are similar to other retailers but in terms of the brand name and variety product offering differs them from the competitors. Tesco pays detailed attention in transforming its brand through packaging and the promotion of every little worth concept. The success of the company in terms of customer loyalty relies on the loyalty card system and customises approach for each customer. In RBV concept, Tesco can be characterised as a competitive parity company based on its valuable but not rare resources and capabilities (Collis and Montgomery, 1995). Tescos strong position within the retail industry is due to its different approach in the service concept and introduction of various quality products. Moreover, it has competencies in its supply chain that affected its operational level in the work routines. Competitors could imitate the said resources and capabilities but it is difficult to do so as the tacit amount of knowledge, time and huge investment is required (Hanan and Freeman, 1984) which in the meantime, Tesco will continue to gain its competitive advantages. Based on the above evaluation, it is observed that Tesco has managed to exploits its resources and capabilities that as a result provide competitive advantages to the company. Tescos exploitation of its resources and capabilities is reflected in its market share and financial performance. Tesco currently controls about 30% of the grocery market in the UK with a turnover of  £56,910 million (Data Monitor, 2010). Moreover, with the aided competitive advantage, Tesco has managed to perform well in its international operation. Theory of globalisation The era of globalisation has started in the early 1970s due to the convergence of several political, technological, social and competitive factors. According to Yip (1989), it is considered as one of the most important business strategies as it is a process which businesses create value by leveraging its resources and capabilities across borders. The topic on globalisation has been widely discussed which resulted to different perspectives and arguments. There are two different theories in relation to globalisation which are hyperglobalists and transformationalist theory. Hyperglobalists theory argues that the world is moving towards a global world that is subject to massive economic and political process of change which is clearly identified by the existence of a single global economy. National culture differences are largely seen by the progressive powerful multinationals as variations in consumer preference is reflected in the international marketing mix (Wall and Rees, 2004:14). In view of this, the theory supports the globalisation in terms of efficient allocation of resources through international trade. In contrast, the transformational theory argues that globalisation is a powerful force impacting economic, social and political environments which involve uneven processes with unpredictable outcomes rather than linear progression to a predictable outcome. Many have argued that globalisation tends to reinforce inequalities of power both within and across nation resulting in global hierarchies if privilege and control for some but the economic and social exclusion of others (Wall and Rees, 2004:15). Therefore, the affect of globalisation is differently experienced across the globe. Based on the above theories, it is believed that globalisation can act as a tool that could benefit every human being across the globe. Although the negative effect has been discussed and identified, the same should not be ignored and must be addressed for the benefit of mankind. Globalisation drivers and its impact on the retail industry Yip (1992) has identified the globalisation drivers based on the industry conditions. Each industry has its own level of globalisation that is determined by the external drivers which are normally uncontrollable by the business or market environment. Economic, Political and Legal Financial Factors Factors In respect of the retail industry, technological factors play an important contribution to the drivers of globalisation. The technology change has impacted on the lower cost of transportation and communication as well the unit cost of production through economies of scale or the localisation of productive capacities and sourcing in low-cost economies (Lasserre, 2007:17). For example, the current electronic global marketplace would not exist without the existence of the global communication network such as the World Wide Web. Moreover, the low cost transportation has made shipping products around the world more economical, thereby helping in creating a global market. In response to the changes, Tesco has managed to apply the technology to selling through online which has is impacted on the companys sales performance. Moreover, as a result of globalisation, there is a convergence of consumer needs which has increased the brand awareness of consumers worldwide (Yip, 1989). Urbanisation and industrialisation of societies are one of the reasons for convergence of customer behaviour and needs. By having the same needs, consumers are bound to have the same requirement that leads to standardisation of products. Meanwhile, the liberalisation of trade and investments played an important factor in supporting the need of globalisation. It has therefore created a common market place and economic integration worldwide. Previously, there were rules and regulations that limit the Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) as to protect the local players. However, the scenario has changed and with the development of the free trade among nations, many companies took the advantage by doing cross-border investments to expand its market existence and profitability. In terms of Tesco, its initial output was significantly limited by the size of its domestic market in the UK but now, it has the chance to take advantages of economies of scale by going global. The trend in globalisation creates changes in the macro dimension of the environment. The change in the economic dimension has leaded the society to enter world or global economy. Clearly, the changes could be seen in the emergence of global market, global competitor and the integration of the economic. The impact of the fundamental changes is noted through the capital movements, concern on productivity and employment as well as emergence of the world economy as a dominant economy unit (Friedman, 2005). The continuous and rapid globalisation of the world economy indicate that globalisation of retailing activities is a major management issue for retailers nowadays and currently it is foresee to be more intensified in the near future. Tescos Strategy for Internalisation 5.1 Country and Risk Analysis Framework The county analysis framework provides an overview of the national business environment in terms of opportunities and risks which enable companies to enhance value creation and strategic fit for its business. Ghemawat (2007) examined distance as the root of most costs and risks of conducting business in new markets and concluded that distance is more than geography; it includes dimensions of culture, administrative and political power, and economics. Therefore, in decision-making, businesses must account for these dimensions of distance as its influences in different ways. CAGE framework is used for the analysis as it provides further in-depth analysis on the country compared to PESTEL framework. The total population of 301 million in US indicate a huge market opportunities that allow Tesco to build its position as a world largest retailer. By penetrating the market, Tesco foresee a better growth in terms of its international expansion. It is seen as a right move by Tesco to the previous expansions have proven to be a success. The operation in the US will be similar to the UK due to the same language used as medium of communication. This leads to an easy option in conducting business wherein the similar concept in the UK could be exported to the US with minimal changes in adapting to the market. US have been a dominant global power in terms of economy, political, technological and cultural affairs and has a long enjoyed its status as a superpower over nations policy making (Data Monitor, 2010). It is clearly seen from its economic point of view where the county is categorised as the largest economy in the world which is back-up with the most developed economic systems. This links to the process of entering the US market which is supported by a comprehensive legal framework for business entities that creates a positive investment climate. US have favourable policies in promoting Foreign Direct Investment. Furthermore, in the international arena, it has secured the support of majority of nations that allows it to direct global policies. With the stabilised politic environment, there is absence of violence that ensures a safety business environment. All this factors have encouraged Tesco to pursue its goal in penetrating the US market. Cross-Cultural Risk RISK Based on the risk analysis, it is identified that the main related risk to Tesco in the US are financial, economic and operational risk. In terms of financial risk, the fluctuation of the currency exchange rate and inflation will definitely have an impact on Tescos ability to operate at an efficient capacity. As to reduce the risk, Tesco has decided to enter single markets at a time and evaluate the success before considering for further expansion. For the US expansion, stores are opened based on geographic region rather than entering different states, which allow Tesco to limit its exposure to a loss if the expansion is unsuccessful. Meanwhile, for the operational risk, problems related to logistic and stock will lead to inefficiency of production and performance. 5.2 US Retail Industry Analysis The competitive environment involves factors that are relevant to an organisations strategy. The industry-based view can be analyse using Porters five forces as include it includes the overall structure rather than focusing on one element (Peng, 2009:35). The competition in the US grocery market is intense as they compete in terms of price, product and promotion. Some of Tescos major competitors in the US are Trader Joes, 7-Eleven, Safeway, and Wal-Mart. Tescos Fresh and Easy operates within the retail industry that forces are driven in the industry would identify the strength and weaknesses of the organisation. There has been a significant growth in the grocery environment in terms of size and market dominance of large players. Competitive rivalry is considered a high threat as other retailers are applying the same operation concept wherein power has been built through operating efficiency. As a result, retailers have to be innovative to maintain and build its market share. Hence, Fresh and Easy has refocused its strategy based on price and value with added value elements of good customer service (Times online, 2007). High competition is a powerful force and stands as a strong barrier for new entrants who desire to enter the industry. For example, it will be difficult for new entrants to raise sufficient fund due to large fixed costs and highly developed supply chains. This is in line with Tescos huge investment for Fresh and Easy in terms of advanced technology for stock controls systems (Euromonitor International, 2009). However, a high level of product differentiation together with low cost and dynamic market revenue growth has elevated the rivalry to an extent. Retailers in this sector are highly fragmented and therefore retailers will put considerable barriers to entry to ensure less competition in the market (Alexander and Korine, 2008). The more standardised or undifferentiated the product, the lower the switching cost and hence there is a high threat of the bargaining power of buyer. Buyer power acts to force the price down but due to the various choice of substitute products, retailers have the power for the price setting. Therefore, in meeting customers needs, customising service combine with low prices, constant promotion and better choices have enabled Fresh and Easy to control and retain its customer base. There is a low threat to the bargaining power of suppliers as often retailer such as Fresh and Easy dictate the price to be paid to the supplier as if the suppliers does not agree on the price, they will be left with no retailer. The relationship with the suppliers has impacted the limitation of the strategic freedom for the company which influences its margin. As a result, the forces of the competitive rivalry will reduce the profit margins for retailers and suppliers. There is a threat of consumers switching to substitutes due to the variety of choices of products in the market. The industry has change overtime wherein small chains of convenience stores are emerging which provides more alternative choices to the consumers. In response to this trend, Tesco has started to open Fresh and Easy based on small-scale operations in local town and city centres. The biggest threats for Tesco in regards to its Fresh and Easy stores are the rivalry and bargaining power of buyers. The retail industry in the US is viable which results to healthy profitability provided the company continuously improves itself and is flexible in the challenging market. 5.2 Tescos expansion to US Due to competition and the impact of globalisation, companies are expanding its operation to other countries outside the home country which indeed require that application of the global strategy. According to Peng (2009:18), global strategy is defined as strategy of firms around the globe which particular form of international strategy which is characterised by the production and distribution of standardised products and services on a worldwide basis. Tescos motivation for expansion to the US with its Fresh and Easy stores are merely based on market and innovation seeking as its main goal is to achieve higher profit margins as well as future organisational learning and growth. Ghemawat (2007) suggest that in order to boost sales and market share, companies have to maximise its local relevance. Therefore, by entering the US retail market organically has provided advantage to Tesco to start fresh by creating a highly distinctive new store concept. This route allows the company to manage its capital expenditure and learn from experience for its future expansion. Fresh and Easy is a small format convenience grocery stores focusing on fresh foods and ready meals at low price. The strategy to break into the US market is based on three key areas: affordability, freshness and convenience (Data Monitor, 2010). By focusing on convenience store, Fresh and Easy will not be directly competing with retailers like Wal-Mart and meanwhile will differentiate itself from the larger format traditional retailers. In addition, Ghemawat (2007) suggest that strategic choice requires some degree of prioritisation of which the AAA Triangle Model can assist the company in doing so. It is suggested that it is impossible to employ three strategies but companies normally should focus on own or two in trying to build competitive advantages. Due to the matured and intense competition in the US retail industry, it was difficult for Fresh and Easy in terms of arbitrage. Therefore based on the said model, Tesco global strategy was based on a minimal adaptation of which Fresh and Easy stores are designed, by adapting to the local responsiveness and aggregation on standardisation of product to take advantages of economy of scale. International strategy adopted by Tesco for Fresh and Easy is similar to its Tesco Express approach in the UK, featuring fresh produce, alcohol and an in-store bakery with minimal adaptation to the US consumers requirement (Times online, 2007). This is line with the integration-responsiveness framework which indicates the replication of the strategy by using its core competency and specific advantage wherein pressure of local responsiveness and pressure for global efficiency are both low (Peng, 2009:353). By using this strategy, expansion process will be at a slower compared to the global retailers but the advantage of this strategy is it provides a greater learning effect and broader knowledge-based to the company (Palmer, 2005). The minimal adaptation incorporated is related to the store format wherein larger pack sizes and more space allocation on frozen food to cater for various types of product assortment which is based on the US consumers preference (Euromonitor International, 2009). Meanwhile, the chain uses a straightforward everyday low prices strategy which is 15% cheaper compared to other competitors (Finch, 2009). The existence of Fresh and Easy has created awareness by the competitors wherein competitors have improved its products offering and seeking for a suitable location in order to compete. In terms of aggregation, it uses one brand name fit all strategy which was argued by consumers as there are no differentiation among the store brand products on value price product, natural and organic and premium products. In lieu of this, Fresh and Easy did not manage to create consumer perceptions on the brand name and subsequently affected its sales performance. 6.0 Tescos future in US In terms of profitability, Fresh and Easy has yet to make profit from its operation. There is uncertainty for the company to achieve profitability in the near future as its expansion process has delayed as compared to its initial plans due to economic crisis which particularly affected the consumers in some of its first few store opened in 2007. Therefore, it will definitely take longer period for Fresh and Easy to achieve its target goals. It was observed that Tescos Fresh and Easy stores use one brand name fits all strategy for its products and marketing strategies (Times online, 2007). This approach is not relevant to the US market as consumers have a strong perception of brands (Euromonitor International, 2009). This has to lead to confusion to consumers as there is no product differentiation between discounts or value priced, natural and organic and premium products in the stores. Fresh and Easy should separate its brand names similar to its UK approach i.e. finest for premium products and value for discounted products that will lead to a better merchandising, pricing and marketing strategies. This assist consumer to have different brand names for each category than price focused items. Further analysis is required in analysing the progress of Fresh and Easy in the US. By doing so, a decision can be made either to leave the market and expand to other potential markets. Based on Tescos track record on its international operation, the company has successfully penetrated the market well which is reflected in the financial performance. Strategy formulation is an important element as it is a continuous learning process which enables Tesco in planning for its future expansion. Tescos strategy for expansion to the US seems flawed as a different global strategy was applied although in-depth research was made before the expansion. Tesco should maintain its existing strategy to enter a market through joint venture or acquisition with an existing player in the market as it is observe as an effective manner for expansion (Palmer, 2005). Moreover, Tesco should take note that other companies which have attempted to enter US highly competitive market have failed due to the reason of not understanding the psyche of the American consumer. Tescos bold move to the US without a partner seems unreasonable as the existence of a partner will provide essential knowledge for local business environment and consumer cultures. This indeed observed when Tesco overlook on the interpretation of a convenience store in US which differs from the UK. In the US, convenience store is associated with petrol stations wherein the UK, is it a store. In addition to this, Kay (2009) indicates that findings from the US consumers suggest that consumers are less loyal to the US as purchase are made based on the cheapest price at any stores. Based on this differences, Tesco did not managed to introduce the British model in the US market although is foresee as a competitive advantage in the retail industry. Conclusion During the past years, there has been a growth in the scale of international investment and as the process continues, it is important to understand the learning and experience gained from the expansion exercise. It is undeniable that by entering new markets like US, it acts as one of the main drivers for the companys revenues and expansion strategy. However, Tesco needs to evaluate its strategy in order to sustain its performance in the US. One of the mistakes made by Tescos US expansion is believing that exporting successful business model to foreign country is an easy process. Although Tesco has its own competition advantages, the aspect of culture should not be left out as it plays an important role in ensuring the success of the business (Ghemawat, 2007). The success of a strategy depends on the strength in terms of learning, knowledge and suitability. Tesco would need to apply the entire lesson learned from the expansion exercise as future expansion is dependent on the companys capacity to recognise the sources for international learning of the knowledge gained. This will definitely allow Tesco to move, adapt and learn fast for better performance in the US market.

Negative Aspects of The Iraq War Essay -- essays research papers

By attacking Iraq, the United States has shown that they are no better than the villain Saddam Hussein. The assaults on Iraq were criminal and wicked acts while they were also unjust and unnecessary. In an attempt to overthrow Hussein and end his cruel reign of terror, the US sent in an armed military force. Since the beginning of the war, there have been over 3334 military fatalities for the US alone. The US has caused as many, if not more, civilian deaths in Iraq than Hussein did, and in the process we have lost many of our soldiers, in addition to the twenty-six thousand wounded. As England and many other countries try to help us with our fruitless quest, they also lose their soldiers. Not only may soldiers be hurt physically, the images they see in Iraq haunt them forever mentally. Our country had a huge surplus of money before the war started, but now we are in a colossal deficit. This is due to the fact that there were immense funds involved, therefore depriving every one of our country?s inhabitants of the money that is rightfully theirs. It is true that Hussein ruled tyr...

Stereotypes About People With Disabilities Essay -- Stereotypes of Dis

Disabled people are often stereotyped. A stereotype is an over simplified mental picture of a person or group. Stereotypes of disabled people are things such as; they should be pitied; they are receivers of charity; they are brave; 'super crip' or even aggressive and angry, an example of these stereotypes are put to use in Forrest Gump. It shows Lieutenant Dan as being bitter and having a chip on his shoulder; it also shows Forrest Gump as being like a super crip an extraordinary person who does marvelous things without meaning too. Stereotypes probably originate from feelings like fear; superiority; repulsion and pity. These feelings are likely to have been given through primary and secondary agents of socialization, i.e. parents, friends and the media. I have watched a film advertisement for multiple sclerosis, which has stereotypes within it; I will analyze it and write about any changes that could be made to estimate stereotypes To make a film representation of an issue several elements are involved. Firstly there is editing controls, what happens between shots, it helps control time and space and highlight similarities and differences between shots. In the multiple sclerosis advert editing is used to cut between a long shot of a woman, to an extreme close up of her eye, this shocks the audience holding their attention as well as showing the women's pain. Secondly camera shots decide on how you look at something, how far or near, from what angle and how the camera moves. In the advert, extreme close-ups are used to show the lady's hand clenching some fabric; it has the effect of showing the audience she is in pain. ... ...they have different physical and mental characteristics  · Show the societal barriers that keep them from living a full live. Disabled people face more barriers in life then most people, barriers from prejudice to a door that can't be opened, these should be highlighted and tried to be amended or solutions found.  · Disabled people are not sexual; show them as having loving relationships and the same sexual needs and desires as someone who isn't disabled.  · Show them as being part of life in fictional and factual representation because they are part of life and this should be accepted.  · Most importantly, train them, cast them and write them into scripts programmes and publication just like everyone else, this way disabled people can present themselves These will all improve representation in the media. Stereotypes About People With Disabilities Essay -- Stereotypes of Dis Disabled people are often stereotyped. A stereotype is an over simplified mental picture of a person or group. Stereotypes of disabled people are things such as; they should be pitied; they are receivers of charity; they are brave; 'super crip' or even aggressive and angry, an example of these stereotypes are put to use in Forrest Gump. It shows Lieutenant Dan as being bitter and having a chip on his shoulder; it also shows Forrest Gump as being like a super crip an extraordinary person who does marvelous things without meaning too. Stereotypes probably originate from feelings like fear; superiority; repulsion and pity. These feelings are likely to have been given through primary and secondary agents of socialization, i.e. parents, friends and the media. I have watched a film advertisement for multiple sclerosis, which has stereotypes within it; I will analyze it and write about any changes that could be made to estimate stereotypes To make a film representation of an issue several elements are involved. Firstly there is editing controls, what happens between shots, it helps control time and space and highlight similarities and differences between shots. In the multiple sclerosis advert editing is used to cut between a long shot of a woman, to an extreme close up of her eye, this shocks the audience holding their attention as well as showing the women's pain. Secondly camera shots decide on how you look at something, how far or near, from what angle and how the camera moves. In the advert, extreme close-ups are used to show the lady's hand clenching some fabric; it has the effect of showing the audience she is in pain. ... ...they have different physical and mental characteristics  · Show the societal barriers that keep them from living a full live. Disabled people face more barriers in life then most people, barriers from prejudice to a door that can't be opened, these should be highlighted and tried to be amended or solutions found.  · Disabled people are not sexual; show them as having loving relationships and the same sexual needs and desires as someone who isn't disabled.  · Show them as being part of life in fictional and factual representation because they are part of life and this should be accepted.  · Most importantly, train them, cast them and write them into scripts programmes and publication just like everyone else, this way disabled people can present themselves These will all improve representation in the media.

Miranda is an American short story, which was published in 1988

â€Å"Miranda† is an American short story, which was published in 1988. It points up the conflicts that might arise when a young girl finds out that she is pregnant. In addition to the obligatory section B, I will in my essay incorporate a short analysis of the text. The main character's name is â€Å"Miranda† as the title of the story. Miranda is an 18 year old girl who, in the beginning of the story, lives at home by her parents in Los Angeles, California. The story starts the day before she leaves for College in Boston. As the story progresses Miranda's feelings are changing. In the beginning of the story she seems like a well-balanced girl. She has everything: freedom, a great boyfriend and understanding parents. She seems like any other teenage girl. But as she finds out she is pregnant, she is slowly changing. She gets more and more sceptical towards her surroundings and the whole thing with the pregnancy is not easy for her either. She also becomes more serious and melancholic, because she learns more about life; about what is consists of. Holly is Miranda's friend and roommate in Boston. She is a year older than Miranda and a more free-minded kind of girl who tries to get Miranda to see things from her point of view. She is a girl who just wants to have fun and not necessarily always thinks of the consequences of her actions. That shows when she often sleeps with her new friend Brian on week nights, and then subsequently gets visited by her boyfriend Tom in the weekends. Holly's role in the story is to put Miranda into a situation where she has to choose, to tell the reader what kind of girl Miranda is; what her values are. That seems pretty obvious when Miranda says that she wants to be owned, and that she will marry Michael. (p. 4, l. 95) Holly represents the common opinion and she is the contrast to Miranda. When Miranda comes home to her parents, they are having a conversation about her pregnancy with her and Michael. Their reaction reflects the society they live in and they are, surprisingly, more than understanding and sympathizing – or so it would seem. As a true product of their environment, they strongly advise Miranda to get an abortion. Miranda's parents do not want a daughter who does not study and therefore cannot get an education. As her mother says, she will end up as a dumb little house-wife. (p. 5, l. 147) They want her to have an abortion, so she does not end up in misery. That is not only best for her and Michael, but also for the unborn child. Miranda is mortified at the thought of killing her child. She does not care about the hardships – she is willing to accept the responsibility of the child and raise it. When her parents realise that they are not reaching Miranda, they turn to Michael in an effort to influence him. Michael is young and at school, just the same as Miranda, and although he loves her and accepts the responsibility of the child, he is thinking of his future as well as. When he first heard the news, he soon talked about marriage, because he felt that it was the right thing to do. On the other hand Michael is relieved that her parents are trying to talk her out of it, because he realized that he is not ready to be a father. Michael knows he cannot forsake the baby, otherwise he would scar Miranda. He cannot look Miranda in the eyes; probably because he feels ashamed and guilty about the whole situation. Michael is hurting Miranda when he acts the way he does. She can see that his eyes are full of relief and gratitude when her parents come to the rescue for him. In a sense they buy Michael because they know that if he wont help raise the child, neither will Miranda. Unfortunately, Michael soon realises his mistake – by giving up on the baby, he is also giving up on Miranda. You could say that the choice was between Miranda and the child, or Michael and his future. â€Å"†¦ She looked at Michael. He looked at her, guilty, ashamed (p. 6, l. 195)†¦ He had both won and lost, and his unhappy face struggled to endure both. p. 6, l. 197) The central theme in this short story is teenage pregnancy and the worries and difficulties it brings along with it. The decision to have an abortion or not is a very complicated, because it brings up intense feelings and moral questions, and this often place people in difficult situations. Miranda is an example of a girl who has a lot of thoughts after becoming pregnant. She truly wants to have the baby, but ends up giving in to the fight with her parents. Miranda falls under the traditional values of what is â€Å"the right thing to do,† but at the same time she abandons her chance for happiness. That leads us to another theme in the story: Society's view on success and happiness. Today, the ultimate idea of success is to please ourselves first, get that major degree and job – then plan a family and a future. Miranda sees it all more simply; she has a baby, she is willing to take responsibility, and plans her future along a different path than society wants for her. Every so often you have to listen to your heart, in order to make yourself happy. Maybe that means going against everyone you know and all you've been taught, but sometimes, that is the only way to be happy.

How do babies develop language? Essay

Language is the major means in which human beings communicate. Language is also needed to satisfy the human need to speak out emotions, complex needs, thoughts and ideas. Spoken language is a structured set of sounds while written language is a structured set of symbols. Language is acquired or learned, and the ability to use language effectively greatly affects our ability to operate well within society. There are different forms of language, which are used at different times for different situations, these requires a high level of skill and young children need the opportunity to acquire this skill. Sounds are the raw materials of spoken language. These sounds come together to form words, combined and brought together in special and complex ways to form sentences. The meaning in a sentence is communicated by the way in which words are combined. For most children, the ability to pronounce words correctly and to use appropriate grammar are acquired in the same way as other language skills. Children require good role models, the opportunity to use their language skills and positive feedback to adjust and refine these skills. There are times, however, that some children have difficulties in pronouncing words which may require help from speech therapist. These children’s needs are greatly important and to seek help for the child language is the main tool that human beings use for thinking. Thinking can be done without language, such as recalling pictures, images and tactile sensation but these are just considered as simple level: These ways of thinking and recalling information are not complex enough for all that is demanded of human beings (Beaver 139). First language acquisition Most researchers have the same opinion that typically, developing healthy babies go through the same language acquisition stages no matter what their first language is. Newborn infants cry, but they do not make speechlike sounds until they reach 3 months old, when they begin to make what are called ooing vowel sounds. During six months of age, babies start to babble and make consonant-vowel combination sounds like â€Å"ba-ba-ba† and â€Å"da-da-da†. They practice these sounds leading to intonation patterns development similar to whatever language they hear and is spoken in their environment. They keep trying out varieties of consonant-vowel combinations until they utter the first word which is the next stage in their development. The name of a family member is usually the first word or it could be a favorite food or toy, or an action word, such as â€Å"bye-bye†, â€Å"down†, or â€Å"no†. New words are gradually added and babies usually over generalize words such as â€Å"mommy† to represent all women, or â€Å"doggy† to mean all four-legged, furry creature. Very soon, the one-word utterance is extended to have sentence meaning: the holophrastic stage. In these stage, the one-word such as â€Å"more† means â€Å"I want more†, or â€Å"up† means â€Å"Pick me up†. Most linguists believe that children at this stage understand more language than they can produce. Children begin to put two words together and form two-word sentences between one and one-half and two years of age. Children already can recognize and even produce many words, but it is here that we witness the beginning of syntactical and semantic relations. â€Å"Give me. † â€Å"All gone. † â€Å"Daddy home. † â€Å"Bye Mommy. † Children do not mark the words with inflections for tense, number, or person. At this stage, they do not usually use pronouns, except for â€Å"me† referring to themselves. The next stage is the telegraphic stage, when children start to form sentences that sound like telegrams because these three-, four-, and several-word sentences are made up of nouns, verbs, adjectives, and some pronouns sequenced in the correct word order, but without inflectional endings or function words such as â€Å"the†, â€Å"a†, or prepositions. Sentences like: â€Å"Doggy play ball†, â€Å"Chair fall down† â€Å"What her name? † â€Å"Me want that. † are often times heard (Seymour, Luria and Smoke 5). Biological, or innate, theory of Chomsky and Slobin The theory of Chomsky (1957) is based on the principle that the brain has an inbuilt facility for language and that human beings are genetically programmed to develop language. The theory sought to provide an explanation for the means by which a baby develops language skills. Chomsky’s theory thus links language skills to the process of maturation. It emphasizes the biological control of language development and declines contextual factors. However, Chomsky does not point out that in order to trigger this innate capacity for language, children need to hear language spoken. The importance of language as an activity is given emphasis, rather than the specific language spoken by those in contact with the child. Slobin, added ideas to Chomsky’s approach, explained that babies and very young children respond to language sounds and sound consequences, which he called operating principles and research supports this view. Babies do initially respond to sound, tone, intonation and rhythm regardless of the language spoken. This would appear a logical answer to the question of how language develops; however, if we were preprogrammed to learn language then all children would learn language in the same way, regardless of the culture in which they were born. But this is not the case (MacLeod-Brudenell and Maclead-Brudenell 176). Cognitive models of Vygotsky and Piaget While the biological models of language development stress the innate ability of children to acquire language, cognitive models, on the other hand, focus more on the relationship between the developments of children’s cognitive skills and language development. In terms of language, the approach taken by Piaget differs from Vygotsky in one important facet. Piaget considered language development to be primarily an egocentric activity and to provide a challenging environment is the role of the adult which would stimulate the child’s learning capabilities (MacLeod-Brudenell and Maclead-Brudenell 176). To Piaget, language was quite independent from actions that lead to reasoning. For Piaget, talking to children in order to explain things before they were at an appropriate stage of understanding is pointless. Vygotsky, on the other hand, believed that language takes place within a social framework and adults have vital role in actively stimulating the child in order to support and extend the children’s learning. Vygotsky noted that in the earliest stages of speech, children talk aloud to themselves and practitioners who work with very young children confirms in this case. Vygotsky sees this inner speech as an important link between language and thoughts in the young child. As children become more aware of what they are thinking, this inner speech becomes internalized (MacLeod-Brudenell and Maclead-Brudenell 179). Bruner’s approach to language development Bruner is also considered as one of the most influential theorists in the field of language development. Bruner focused his early research on the relationship between adult scaffolding, learning and children’s language. He emphasizes the linkage between language and communication and the encouragement of children’s understanding of how language works. The holistic approach to language comprises visual cues, gestures and body language, turn-taking and the conventions of social use of language (MacLeod-Brudenell and Maclead-Brudenell 179). Monitoring children’s language development Effective child-care workers informally monitor children’s development through their daily interactions with the children. Their intimate knowledge of individual children allows them to identify such progress or development, or if a child may need support. There are some establishments that also monitor children’s language development in a more formal way. They may use a checklist, developmental chart or diary in which, each child’s development is recorded and made available for future planning and interaction. It is important to take note that when assessing children’s language developmental level, there is sometimes a difference between a child’s actual language ability and their ability to use expressive (spoken) language (Beaver 157). Factors affecting language development Successful language development of children needs a rich, stimulating environment that offers the opportunity for experiences suitable to their level of development. These are a number of factors that influence the quality of the language development: 1) the presence of positive role models 2) the opportunity for the children to practice their language skill 3) positive feedback to enable the children to pick up language and to adjust and refine their language skills (Beaver 158). Supporting children with language delay All children come to a care setting with different experiences and this includes their experience of language. Because the experiences that a child has had are so influential in their development, not all children develop language in the same pace. Within any group of children there will be a wide range of proficiency in language. This could include children who have delayed language development in relation to the expected range of norms. It is important that each child is treated as an individual and that their needs are assessed and met. When a child’s language development is delayed, there are a number of agencies who may be involved are health visitor, speech therapist, portage worker, language unit, nursery staff, individual classroom report, support form charitable organizations (Barnardos, NCH Action for Children), local initiative (self-help groups) (Beaver 159).

Market Failures & Professional Dilemmas Essay

Based on the Edwards article which market failures or imperfections are present in the â€Å"Lobster Thermidor† case? And can you identify any in your professional life? Based on the Halbert & Ingulli reading (â€Å"Making An Ethical Decision†) apply the methods of ethical reasoning to these situations. Two market failures can be observed in the â€Å"Lobster Thermidor† case, a tragedy of public goods and informational deficiencies. First of all, the divers have to dive deeper, to the limit of diving safety, since overfishing has made the lobsters rare and to catch the lobster less than 30 meter down is getting harder and harder. This is the very typical case of public goods, where the public resources such as the lobsters under the sea are usually over-consumed by the individuals who try to maximize one’s interest. Deforestation, which has destroyed the entire farming industry and forced Miskitos out to entirely rely on diving, was another tragedy caused by the overconsumption of the public goods, forest. Secondly, both the divers and the end-consumers make wrong, irrational decisions cause of the lack of information. Divers, who do not recognize the true market price of lobsters as well as the true price of potential risks, bargain away their goods with little danger pay allowances. Also, the consumers, who have no idea about the severe fishing environment in Honduras, are reluctant to pay more than current prices, formed lower than it should be at the cost of human lives. The company where I worked prior to school has always tried its best to remove any little elements of competition in its area. If there were a small but promising start-up with innovative idea and technology, that company used every means –most were legal or grey while a few were nearly illegal- to get rid of the potential threats. For instance, it quickly imitates the new technology of the start-up, take out the similar patent, scout the core human resources, block off the critical suppliers and seed funds, cut the price of competitive goods to the minimum level, and do hostile M&A. This case also showed the issues related to public goods and informational deficiencies. The company attempted to minimize the production/dissemination of new technologies, which can be considered as public goods, and the newborn ventures could not protect themselves cause of the limited access to the information. From the utilitarianism perspective, these are reasonable and desirable attempts because the larger number of stakeholders can be satisfied. My company had more than 20,000 employees while the average start-ups have no more than 100 employees. Considering the families of employees, shareholders, subcontractors, and the related industries, maximizing profit of my company could bring higher utilities than the success of small ventures. Even in long-term, my company’s decision would not be wrong since the possibility of success of start-ups are extremely low compared to the global conglomerates. My company, which has the global network, huge infrastructure, and accumulated knowhow can exploit the new technology better and thereby encourage the social progress. In contrast, from the deontological view, it was absolutely wrong. My company not only hindered the fair competition but also committed illegal acts. Whether the result proved positive or negative is not important for the deontologists. Finally, it was not proper when applying the concept of virtue ethics since the motives of the actions of the company was not correct and contributes nearly nothing to the harmonious relationship with the community it belonged.

Organizational Behavior and Leadership Essay

Effective Communication: Partnership in Italy. The given case is about effective communication. In the case, Melissa Chang who is handling all sorts of sourcing activities at the company, she is asked to travel to Venice, Italy to meet her company’s partnering company. She is asked to travel for solving the issues that has made a bad impression of her company towards the partnering company. As before also Melissa’s colleagues cancelled their trip to Moscow at the last minute which hampered their relationship with other partners and their company’s performance looked bad. So it is a very important meeting for Melissa as their partnering company in Italy had several times requested for the information to be provided to them but it was not done. So Melissa had to travel to Italy to understand what are the causes that is affecting the company’s relations with their partnering company. Review/Analysis of the Case Analysis of Findings The case is related to Melissa Chang who is travelling to Italy to meet the partnering company to solve the misunderstanding between her company and partnering company. The discussions and questions are being done while meeting with the partnering company in Italy. But with the effective communication, Melissa is able to answer all questions consciously listening to the issues/ queries from the partnering company. Hence Melissa is successful in making the meeting very productive and planning for future plans with the partnering company. Melissa’s communication skills and convincing them with providing the actual information accurately made the partnering company rethink and reassure to continue work for further more. For example, Surya Nepal Pvt. Ltd. is the major leading company in Nepal which produces several products. Surya Nepal’s partnering company is ITC India which is among the top companies in India. ITC has been working with Surya Nepal for more than 2 decades and their relation had been very good. Last year, Surya Nepal took the contract of producing 20000 pcs of Tshirts within 60 days. Surya Nepal completed the production in about 70 days. So they were 10 days late. Surya Nepal did not provide full information to ITC why the production was late. And when ITC called up for a meeting, Surya Nepal provided ITC with full information about the issues that arise while performing the tasks. Surya Nepal answered to all the questions asked by ITC. After that only ITC was convinced with Surya Nepal. Question 1: Melissa’s communication style Melissa travelled to Italy to meet her company’s partnering company to settle down several issues that has arise and caused a bad impression of her company. Melissa needed to do her job with full responsibility and get more work out of Italian partners. If things did not get cleared up quickly, they could lose the partnership. Melissa rather solving the issues through phone calls, mailings and sending other personnel to meet Italian partners, she herself went to attend the meeting. Since Melissa’s colleagues in the past had cancelled their meeting to Moscow at the last minute which hampered their company. So she was looking forward for the meeting. When she reached to Italy, she was nervous that the language barrier would make the problems more complicated. But her choice of communication to interact with Italian partners proved to be the right choice to solve the issues. She used the direct communication i.e. face to face interaction which made her realize Italian part ner’s frustration. This communication was an effective move to help Melissa interact well with the Italian partners and know more about them and their products as well as the problems. In the first day of the meeting, she found the internal issues such as not providing of information from US partners. And Melissa answered all their questions and explained the business process in US. She listened to the issues of the Italian partners and understand the feelings of their accurately. And at the second day, her communication skill was so effective that the behavior of Italian partners changed and they were much warmer and willing to sit down and discuss  details of work. So her response to the feelings of the Italian partners helped her analyze the situation properly. Melissa’s also noted down Italian partner’s cues or issues and answering correctly to the partner’s efficiently. Mainly the active listening of Melissa helped her answer thoroughly. Melissa established rapport towards the partners which effectively communicate to help them feel comfortable. So Melissa’s communication style impacted the performance of the Italian partners which we can see in the case that Italian partners projected plan for the next fiscal year and also a formal dinner in her honor was arranged. Italian partners also praise Melissa for her quick actions and decisiveness. Question 2: Primary source of information to Melissa’s visit The primary sources of information prior to Melissa’s visit to Italy was the establishment of effective communication in between the Italian partners and her company in order to solve the issues. Italian partners requested several times for information to Melissa’s colleagues but it was not fulfilled. So to tackle the communication barriers in between the two partnering companies is the primary source to Melissa’s visit to Italy. The act of removing the distance relationships of two companies is the main visit of Melissa. To find out what were the major concerns of Italian partners towards the US based company and knowing of their views, ideas of continuing the business or not was a real challenge which forced Melissa to visit Italy and meet Italian partners. Question 3: Primary source of information after Melissa’s visit Melissa attended the important meeting with Italian partners to analyze the situation very tactfully and skillfully by applying appropriate communication with them. After her visit to Italy, at the US, she will be holding a meeting for all the office staffs and personnel where she will be discussing about the causes, effects and productive views in between the two companies. First of all she will be discussing why all office staffs and personnel did not provide Italian partners with prior information regarding the product and its development as Italian partners were keen on knowing the development of the products. Secondly, the view of company adding that language barrier affecting their relations is unbelievable since Melissa  went to Italy, interacted well with the partners and shared each other thoughts which brought two of them into a productive planning for further fiscal year. Most importantly, Melissa will be saying that she was successful in building effective communication by providing exact information and listening to their views and answering them with very accurately are the primary sources of information that will be after Melissa’s visit. Question 4: Melissa’s change in attitude in dealing with Italian partners Before Melissa’s visit to Italy, she was nervous that she would not be able to face the Italian partners. Since the meeting was going to be at Venice, Italy, without major business standards of her company she was afraid of attending meeting. Also the thought of language barrier was taken as a major issue for not attending the meeting. But this all was just views, opinions of others. When Melissa visited Italian partners then she instantly noticed their feelings while attempting to face to face interaction. She came to know what difficulties Italian partners were having by not receiving the actual information. She changed her view of Italian partners as how Italian partners would be reacting. She answered all the queries asked by Italian partners with actual detailed information. This changed the behavior of Italian partners thought of US based company. Italian partners were very much impressed by Melissa’s style of communicating. This helped both to sit down and settle down the problems with building of effective communication. The meeting got very productive as further fiscal planning was planned. When this was done, Italian partners arranged a dinner in Melissa’s honor to praise her for the quick actions and decisiveness she demonstrated during the meeting, also her listening skills to relate their business needs was excellent. So this made Melissa to think that she did right thing of planning to visit Italian partners by her own and come with some productive news. So this changed Melissa’s change in attitude about dealing with the Italian partners. Summary and Conclusion After analyzing the case, it seems that Melissa Chang was successful in utilizing the right communication style. The choice of transactional model of communication by Melissa, that includes the direct interaction with the  Italian partners helped her understand the real problem issues and bring out the best possible ways to solve that issues. Face to face communication helped Melissa to understand the feelings of the Italian partners. The process of noting down their cues by Melissa and responding to their cues helped to change the behavior of the Italian partners. So Melissa was successful in making the meeting productive, solving the issues and making relationship greater. Melissa was praised by the Italian partners and arranged a formal dinner in her honor. So this proves that her performance and effective communication impacted the Italian partners so much that a projected planning for the next fiscal year was also planned at the same meeting. Reference Adhikari, Dev Raj (2009) Organizational Behavior Hersey and Blanchard (2008) Management of Organizational Behavior

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